Do you have diabetes that is difficult to control despite being on multiple medications? An abnormally high level of cortisol in your body could be a factor.¹Excessively high levels of cortisol in your body could be due to a condition known as hypercortisolism or Cushing syndrome. Some classic symptoms of Cushing syndrome include a round and reddened face (moon face), fatty hump between the shoulders (buffalo hump), & purple stretch marks on the abdomen (striae).¹However, there are more subtle presentations of Cushing syndrome as well. Most people will not have the classic symptoms of Cushing syndrome, but rather a combination of other medical conditions.¹Let’s learn more about this by first understanding cortisol.Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys, and there is one adrenal gland on each side of the body. Cortisol is necessary for your body to function normally. When your body undergoes stress (emotional or physical) the natural response is for your body to produce excess cortisol. Examples of physical stress include hospitalization, having surgery, or being in pain.¹ Emotional and psychological stress, such as depression, can also lead to excess cortisol production by your body.¹Although cortisol is a stress hormone, day to day stress will not cause your body to produce excessive levels of cortisol for a prolonged period of time.Cushing syndrome is the result of a prolonged elevated level of cortisol. This is usually from a specific source. This source may be a tumor which could be ​​from one or both of the adrenal glands or of pituitary origin. Other causes of Cushing syndrome include an ectopic source of cortisol (such as a tumor somewhere else in the body), or iatrogenic (patients taking steroid medications).¹The type of Cushing syndrome depends on the source of the excess cortisol. Let’s take a deeper look at nodules causing Cushing syndrome. As mentioned above this could be a pituitary nodule or an adrenal nodule. An adrenal nodule or adrenal incidentaloma will produce excess cortisol itself.¹ This is in contrast to a pituitary nodule which will increase cortisol by increasing ACTH production through the body’s HPA axis.¹The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) which then signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH travels to the adrenal glands to stimulate the secretion of cortisol.² A pituitary gland tumor is typically found through imaging of the pituitary gland or the thoracic area.¹ An adrenal gland tumor is discovered in one of two ways. All adrenal adenomas should be worked up by a doctor.¹ This testing will help to determine if the adrenal adenoma is producing an excess level of hormone. Because the adrenal gland produces many different hormones, the excess hormone made by the adenoma could be cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA sulfate, catecholamines, or metanephrines. In the case of Cushing syndrome caused by an adrenal adenoma, the excess hormone produced is cortisol.⁴ A person may present to their doctor with classic physical features of Cushing syndrome. This may include moon face, buffalo hump and abdominal striae. Some may not have the classic appearance, but rather could have Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, which are also common conditions of Cushing syndrome. Other symptoms experienced by patients may include fatigue, sleep disturbances, and weight gain. The weight gain from a high cortisol level can be seen more often in the face and the abdomen.¹ As with any medical condition, the degree of severity in the signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary. A person may or may not have obvious physical features of Cushing syndrome. Rather, the patient may have a medical condition like the ones mentioned above. Because each person has different signs and symptoms, diagnosing Cushing syndrome can be challenging.¹ If Cushing syndrome is suspected, a doctor will need to determine the source of cortisol excess. The sources of cortisol excess may come from a pituitary nodule, an adrenal nodule, or a tumor elsewhere in the body.² The level of hypercortisolism may play a role in how clinically obvious Cushing syndrome is in a person. In subtle presentations of hypercortisolism, a patient may only have weight gain, fatigue, a chronic disease like diabetes or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), or decreased concentration. In women, a high level of continuous cortisol oversecretion can also lead to excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), female balding, and irregular menstrual periods.¹ Although patients with a mild presentation may not have the overt features of moon facies or easy bruising, they can still be negatively impacted by hypercortisolism in different ways, such as difficult to control diabetes. In one study, 2% to 3.5% of patients who were referred for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus had confirmed hypercortisolism after a work up. Some of these patients had adrenal adenomas that were not diagnosed until being referred for a workup for Cushing syndrome.⁶ In a more overt Cushing syndrome presentation, a patient may have reddish purple abdominal striae, skin that is easily bruised, and unexplained osteoporosis.¹ Their face may be more rounded and bloated (called facial plethora or moon facies). Similar to mild presentations, severe cases of Cushing syndrome are also likely to have high blood pressure, poorly controlled diabetes, weight gain, and the features present in mild cases.¹ Surgery is typically the first option for treating Cushing syndrome. For patients who cannot have surgery, radiotherapy and / or medical therapy are also options. There are multiple medications that may help treat the symptoms of hypercortisolism.⁵Cortisol is an adrenal hormone that is secreted normally as a response to both physical and emotional stress. Cushing syndrome or hypercortisolism happens when you have a sustained and higher than normal level of cortisol in the body.¹ Severely high levels of cortisol may cause classic physical features of Cushing syndrome. Mildly elevated levels of cortisol may not be as obvious. Nevertheless, even mildly elevated levels of cortisol can lead to metabolic effects that affect your long term health and quality of life.⁷ To diagnose Cushing syndrome, typically both laboratory tests are done and imaging studies. It is a complex condition that if left untreated can cause worsening medical conditions.¹Adrenal nodules may be picked up incidentally on imaging studies that were ordered for other reasons. If an adrenal nodule is found on an imaging study, it should always be worked up for high cortisol.¹Sources:This is sponsored by Corcept Therapeutics. For more information on cortisol please visit CortisolMatters.com. DSE-00995 NOV 2022

Perimenopause is the time when your body begins to make the transition from regular menstruation (having a monthly period) to permanent menopause (no longer having a monthly period). It is a time of hormonal changes, which can lead to some pretty dramatic symptoms—including hot flashes, mood swings, weight gain, sleep problems, and more.Menopause is defined as a woman’s final menstrual period and is diagnosed when she has not had a period for 12 consecutive months. Menopause occurs between ages 40 and 58: The average age of menopause (the final period) is 51.But, women don’t just suddenly stop having periods: They experience physical and hormonal changes years before their final period. This transitional time period is called perimenopause, and it is unique to every woman. Perimenopause usually starts between age 40 and 45 and lasts for about 4-10 years. On average perimenopause lasts from 4 to 8 years, with the majority of the years being before the actual occurrence of menopause. Perimenopause ends 1 year after menopause (the final menstrual period).Women whose transition into perimenopause occurs at a younger age usually will have a longer menopause transition overall. On the other hand, women who have a later onset of perimenopause tend to have a shorter time overall of transition. In addition, a large study that observed menopause symptoms and duration among women of a variety of ethnic backgrounds found that the transition time to menopause can be impacted by certain demographic factors. For example, African American women had on average a longer duration overall than white women. And greater body mass index (BMI) was associated with later onset menopausal transition. Menopause transition that occurs before age 40, whether naturally occurring or induced, is called premature menopause. This occurs in about 1% of women in the US. Induced menopause refers to amenorrhea (lack of menstrual cycle) due to surgical removal or other medical treatment of the ovaries or to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Women who have induced menopause experience the common symptoms (such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and disturbed sleep) but without the gradual transition period. Women who experience premature menopause due to natural causes (not medical intervention) do experience the graduate transition. If you are experiencing premature menopause, whether it is induced or naturally occurring, speak to your ob-gyn. Your doctor can help you to understand what your options are and what the best practices in this area. Perimenopause is the time before and after menopause. The transition from a woman having reproductive fertility to then no longer having a period, and losing the ability to conceive children naturally, is a different experience for every person. The age ranges for onset and duration of perimenopause vary across demographic populations and also vary for other genetic or medical reasons. Each person's experience is unique, and the entire process, though challenging, is normal and natural. Ask your ob-gyn about any symptoms you may be experiencing or about any questions you have about this natural shift in a woman’s life.Sourceshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082400/ http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-premature-early-and-induced-menopause https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/the-menopause-years

Postpartum rib pain can happen for several reasons. It is actually a fairly common issue in postpartum individuals. Unfortunately, alongside other issues like postpartum bleeding, and postpartum mood changes, rib pain is also something patients may need to deal with.Most postpartum rib pain is from non-emergent medical conditions. However, it is very important for new moms to be aware of the less common potential causes of postpartum rib pain that warrant a trip to the emergency room. Let's take a look at some of the potential causes of rib pain in new moms. It is no surprise that during pregnancy many hormonal changes occur. These fluctuations are also intended to support your growing baby and support the baby's development. Many patients may not know that increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone can cause the ligaments and joints in the body to relax and become more flexible, preparing the body for childbirth. Then, after you give birth, there is a rapid drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This sudden drop in hormones can cause the ligaments and muscles around the ribcage to tighten and become less flexible. This can result in postpartum rib pain or discomfort, particularly during deep breathing, coughing, or sneezing. If you notice that the rib pain only happens when you take a deep breath then this may be an indicator that this is the cause.Progesterone has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue, including ligaments. This relaxation helps to prepare the body for childbirth by allowing the ligaments to stretch and become more flexible. Progesterone can also increase the water content of ligaments, making them more pliable and flexible. Progesterone can reduce the tensile strength of ligaments, making them more susceptible to injury. After delivery, the body undergoes a period of readjustment as the hormone levels return to normal. Another common cause of postpartum rib pain is due to muscle imbalance that could be a result of poor postures. The physical strain of pregnancy, childbirth, and caring for a newborn can cause muscle strain or injury, including in the muscles surrounding the ribs. It is important to be aware of your positioning when you are postpartum. For example, if you are continually carrying your newborn on one side of your body this could lead to rib pain on either side. You may also feel pain in your back muscles and between your shoulder blades. Try switching sides periodically or using a baby carrier or a baby wrap to help support your thoracic spine. Breastfeeding can be challenging both mentally and physically. There is no correct position to breastfeed in. The position that is best for you and your baby is the correct position. Try to be mindful of muscle strains if your find yourself feeding more on one side than the other. If it is possible to switch your daily routine this can give one side a break. This may not always be possible because for some women, one breast may produce more milk than the other. In addition to positioning, breasts that are full of milk can cause discomfort and pressure in the breasts. Some patients may have severely increased pressure because their breast have grown significantly due to milk production. This can cause rib pain and it can also cause pain in other areas. For example, the postpartum rib pain in these situations may radiate to the chest and ribcage. Some patients may even feel an increase in abdominal pressure also. Try to use a supportive bra when you are able to during the months postpartum that you are breastfeeding. Remember to continue to take your prenatal vitamins when breastfeeding as well. Vitamin deficiencies can cause muscle pain and it is important to take a proper prenatal while you are breastfeeding as well. In some cases, postpartum rib pain may be caused by an underlying medical condition. These could be muscular or they could be more serious. Here are some of the medical conditions to be aware of during the postpartum period.If you are experiencing right-sided postpartum rib pain, this may be from your gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that is located on the right side of the body, just beneath the liver. Gallbladder disease is more common in women. Gallbladder pain postpartum can be a sudden or a chronic pain. Gallbladder disease can cause both abdominal pain and rib pain. This is because the gallbladder is located in close proximity to the ribcage, and inflammation or other issues with the gallbladder can irritate the surrounding tissue and nerves, leading to pain in the ribs. When the gallbladder becomes inflamed or infected, it can cause pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, which can sometimes radiate to the chest or back. This pain may be felt as a dull ache, a sharp stabbing pain, or a feeling of pressure or discomfort. The pain may also be accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice.Costochondritis can cause rib pain. Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum). This inflammation can cause pain and tenderness in the affected area, which is typically located on the front of the chest near the sternum.Costochondritis can cause rib pain because the inflammation can irritate the nerves that run through the affected area, leading to pain that may feel sharp, stabbing, or burning. The pain may also be accompanied by tenderness, swelling, and a feeling of pressure or discomfort in the chest. In some cases, the pain may radiate to the back, shoulders, shoulder blades or arms.Costochondritis is caused by a variety of factors. These include injury, overuse, viral infections, and arthritis. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 40 and may be more common in women than in men. Treatment for costochondritis typically involves rest, pain management, and anti-inflammatory medication. A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, which is the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. This blockage is typically caused by a blood clot that travels from another part of the body, such as the legs, to the lungs.When a pulmonary embolism occurs, it can cause a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and coughing. Rib pain can also occur as a result of a pulmonary embolism. This is because the lungs are surrounded by a membrane called the pleura, which has nerve endings that can transmit pain signals to the ribs and other parts of the body. When a pulmonary embolism occurs, it can irritate the pleura and cause pain that is felt in the chest, back, or ribs.Rib pain caused by a pulmonary embolism may feel sharp, stabbing, or dull, and it may be worse when taking deep breaths or coughing. If you are experiencing rib pain or other symptoms that may be related to a pulmonary embolism, it's important to seek medical attention immediately. Pulmonary embolisms can be life-threatening and symptoms like shortness of breath warrant emergency medical treatment. Early diagnostic tests and proper treatment are essential for a positive outcome with a pulmonary embolism.Heavy bleeding postpartum and postpartum rib pain could be caused by a postpartum hemorrhage. This is a potentially life-threatening condition and is one of the most serious postpartum complications. In postpartum hemorrhage, there is excessive bleeding after childbirth. Postpartum hemorrhage can cause heavy bleeding, as well as other symptoms such as abdominal pain, rapid heartbeat, and low blood pressure. The rib pain is likely to be referred pain from the abdomen or the uterus. Warning signs of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) include soaking through a pad in an hour or less or passing large blood clots. Patients may also experience severe pain, and feel lightheaded due to their blood pressure decreasing. Some patients may also have difficulty breathing and have shortness of breath. It is important to go to an emergency room or call 911 immediately. A heart attack can cause rib pain. This may be generalized or localized to left side rib pain. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This can cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, and left rib pain.The pain from a heart attack can be felt in various parts of the body, including the chest, left arm, neck, jaw, and back. In some cases, the pain may also be felt in the left side of the ribcage. This is because the heart is located on the left side of the chest, and the pain from a heart attack can radiate to nearby areas, including the ribs.The pain from a heart attack is often described as a squeezing, pressure-like sensation that may come and go or persist for several minutes. It may also be accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, and lightheadedness.New moms may have postpartum rib pain that is due to hormonal changes, strained muscles, pressure from breastfeeding, or a medical condition. The medical conditions include gallbladder disease, costochondritis, pulmonary embolism, postpartum hemorrhage, and cardiac arrest. Several of these require immediate medical attention otherwise they can be life-threatening. If you are experiencing postpartum rib pain, it's important to talk to your healthcare provider. It is important for your doctor to determine the underlying cause of your postpartum rib pain. Proper medical advice from your health care provider is important as rib pain could be due to a variety of different things. Some of these causes of postpartum rib pain are more concerning than others. In most cases, rest, pain relief medications, physical therapy, or other treatments may be recommended to relieve discomfort and promote healing.

I see lots of women in my office with completely normal vulvar anatomy who ask "Is my vagina normal?". Many of us worry about this part of the body and how we measure up.  Every day someone apologizes to me for not shaving, not showering in the past 2 hours, having a perceived abnormal odor, or even for just needing an exam.  All of this is pretty typical behavior and shows how anxious we are about our genitalia.  It is normal to wonder about odor, symmetry, length, width, and hair distribution.  There are lots of reasons why this happens.  ●        Most of us aren’t comfortable talking about our pelvic anatomy.  We may not even have the right words.  A study from the Eve Appeal, a British advocacy group, showed that only a third of women in the UK could identify the different parts of the female anatomy.●        Female sexual organs are mostly on the inside, resulting in some mystery and mystique.  Since we don’t see them, it is hard to recognize the full spectrum of normal.  Boys grow up changing in locker rooms and using urinals and have a much better understanding of their “normal.” ●        Media attention to the vulva tends to focus on a “Barbie-Doll” like image- hairless and fairly undefined.  This anatomy doesn’t really reflect normal or natural but is the standard comparison.1  ●        Medical images of the vulva focus on the location of the different organs but do not illustrate the great variation in size, shape and color that exists.●        Grooming and removing the pubic hair has become more common.  Removing the hair raises awareness about the vulva and can reveal personal asymmetries.2  Just like my left foot is slightly bigger than my right.●        There is an increasing amount of marketing about cosmetic genital surgery which suggests that there are lots of abnormal vulvas out there that need to be fixed.  Surgeries to make the labia minora smaller have increased 50% since 2014. There is also an increase in direct to consumer advertising about vaginal “rejuvenation”- a term used for laser and radiofrequency treatments of the vagina.  These procedures are poorly studied and not currently FDA approved but popular.2   Vaginas come in all different shapes, sizes and colors. To start to understand this, Well, let's learn some vaginal anatomy.  There are the labia majora (big lips that are on the outside, one on the right and one on the left) and the labia minora (small lips that are more to the middle, one on the right and one on the left).  Not all things in anatomy are well named but these structures are, the names mean big and small lips.  The labia majora are usually about 8 cm long (just over 3 inches) and 2.5cm wide (1 inch).  This is roughly the size of my pointer finger.  But their dimensions are highly variable and usually change based on your weight.  These labia are analogous to the scrotum.  These lips have sweat glands and hair.  They are pigmented and have fat tissue.2The labia minora tend to be thinner.  On average, they are 4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.4  That is a little smaller than my pinky.  Their size is highly variable, however, and depends on age, estrogen status, genetics, and the number of deliveries you have had.  These lips have little fat and no sweat or hair glands.  Jamie McCartney , an artist who did a project called “The Great Wall of Vagina” said, “There are as many appearances of the vulva as there are of the face.”  And that is largely because of the many normal shapes and sizes of the labia minora.  The labia minora often stick out past the rest of the anatomy.  Sometimes, they are tucked away.  One side can be bigger than the other.  Studies have shown that perfect symmetry is rare and one side is almost always bigger than the other.2,3 The labia frame the introitus which is the opening to the vagina.  The introitus can get larger with deliveries and time.  It tends to be smaller if your levator or kegel muscles are strong.  An average size in 2-4 cm.  There is no magic “right size” to the vaginal opening.  And while it is common to think smaller is better, sometimes smaller just results in pain with sex.  The clitoris is at the top (12 o’clock).  It is around 4.5mm wide and 7mm long, roughly the size of a jelly bean.2The anatomy is really only considered to be abnormal if it actively creates problems for you.  “Abnormal” is not diagnosed based on size and shape.  There have only been 3 times in my career when I have asked someone if their labia bothered them based on their appearance.  And only 1 woman felt that they were a problem.  The labia minora can be uncomfortable or painful if they are long enough to rub on clothing like skinny jeans.  They may also be bothersome during sports, like bike riding.  The labia can be torn during a delivery or an accident.  This can result in a sensitive area or big changes in the appearance of one labia.  They can pull and be uncomfortable during sex.  But if they aren’t causing physical symptoms, the rule of thumb is to leave your sensitive labia alone.  This is a common question. Women who are born XX at birth will have 3 holes in their genital region. The most anterior is the urethra which is for peeing. The middle one is the vaginal opening, as seen above in the diagram. The vaginal opening is where a tampon is inserted. The most posterior opening is the anus which is where women poop. If you are more of a visual person and need to see the huge range of normal in the vulvar anatomy, check out the Great Wall of Vagina at greatwallofvagina.co.uk .  This project, which amazes me on so many levels, took 400 volunteers, aged 18 to 76, and created plaster casts of their vulvas.  Ten panels were then made out of the casts.  The goal was to normalize the anatomy.  And as they say, a picture is worth a thousand words.  Sources:

Perineum scar tissue is a common issue that many women face after giving birth. Postpartum women often have a lot to deal with from breast pain, to postpartum rib pain, and of course pain from giving birth. The perineum is the area between the vagina and anus, and it can tear or be cut during childbirth, resulting in scar tissue. Perineal scars can cause discomfort, pain, and even affect sexual function.Vaginal tears and episiotomies can happen during childbirth. It is estimated that up to 85% of women experience some form of tearing during vaginal delivery. As the baby's head comes down the birth canal, the opening of the vagina may not be enough to accommodate the delivery. This can lead to perineal trauma and tearing in the surrounding area.While the body has a remarkable ability to heal, the scar tissue that forms can cause long-term problems if not addressed.Fortunately, there are ways to manage perineum scar tissue after birth. Self-massage, physical therapy, and other treatments can help break up scar tissue and improve symptoms. It's important for women to speak with their healthcare provider about any concerns they have regarding perineal scar pain and to seek treatment if necessary.The perineum is the area between the vagina and the anus. During childbirth, the perineum may tear or be cut by the healthcare provider to make more room for the baby to pass through. This can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the perineum.Perineum scar tissue is a natural part of the healing process after childbirth. It is formed when the body repairs the torn or cut tissue in the perineum. Scar tissue is made up of collagen fibers, which are stronger and less elastic than the surrounding tissue. This can cause the scar tissue to feel tight or uncomfortable.Scar tissue can also cause problems with pelvic floor muscles. Pelvic floor muscles support the bladder, uterus, and rectum. Scar tissue can make these muscles weaker or tighter, leading to problems with bowel or bladder control.Perineum scar tissue is a common issue that many women face after childbirth. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including:An episiotomy is a surgical cut made to the perineum during childbirth to make the vaginal opening larger. This can result in scar tissue formation.Tears can occur naturally during childbirth, and if they are deep or extensive, they can result in scar tissue formation. The way a tear is sewn up can also dictate the possibility of scar tissue. Infections can occur during childbirth or the healing process, leading to increased scar tissue formation.The natural healing process after childbirth can also result in the formation of scar tissue. Based on your collagen and tissue, some people are prone to develop scar tissue compared to others. It's important to note that not all women will experience perineum scar tissue after childbirth, and the severity of the scar tissue can vary from woman to woman. However, it's important to be aware of the potential causes and to take steps to prevent or manage scar tissue formation. Remember to also take a multivitamin or a prenatal (even though you are post birth) to make sure your health status is optimized. If you are concerned about perineum scar tissue after childbirth, it's important to speak with your healthcare provider. They can provide guidance on how to manage the scar tissue and reduce any discomfort or pain that you may be experiencing.Perineum scar tissue can cause a range of symptoms that can be uncomfortable and painful. Here are some of the most common symptoms:If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider. Your provider can help you develop a treatment plan that can help alleviate your symptoms and improve your quality of life.Perineum scar tissue after birth can be diagnosed by the presence of certain symptoms. The most common symptom is the presence of a tender nodule at the scar site. This nodule may be painful or itchy and may become more noticeable during menstruation or sexual activity. Other symptoms may include:If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider. They can perform a physical examination to confirm the presence of perineum scar tissue and rule out any other underlying conditions.During the physical examination, your healthcare provider may ask you questions about your medical history and any previous childbirth experiences. They may also perform a pelvic exam to assess the extent of the scar tissue, and the pelvic floor and then determine the best course of treatment.In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend additional diagnostic tests, such as an ultrasound or MRI, to evaluate the extent of the scar tissue and rule out any other underlying conditions.Overall, if you are experiencing any symptoms of perineum scar tissue after birth, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Suffering in severe pain can make the already difficult postpartum period even more challenging. Many mothers feel they have no options. Often times pain management doctors and pelvic physical therapists are better equipped to treat perineal tears and scars as compared to their OBGYN who may have done the delivery. Physical therapy is a common non-surgical treatment option for perineum scar tissue after birth. A pelvic physical therapist will use various techniques to help reduce painful scar tissue and pelvic muscle spasms. Scar tissue mobilization is one technique that can help break down adhesions and improve tissue mobility. This technique involves massaging the bands of scar tissue to increase blood flow and promote healing.Perineal massage is another non-surgical treatment option that can help reduce perineum scar tissue after birth. This technique involves gently stretching and massaging the perineum with gentle pressure to improve tissue elasticity and prevent scar tissue formation. This scar tissue massage can also help reduce pain and discomfort during intercourse.In addition to physical therapy and perineal massage, there are other non-surgical treatment options that can help reduce perineum scar tissue after birth. These include:If non-surgical treatment options do not provide relief, surgical treatment options may be necessary. Surgery for perineum scar tissue after birth typically involves removing the scar tissue and reconstructing the perineum. This procedure is known as perineoplasty.Perineoplasty is typically performed under local anesthesia and takes about 30 minutes to complete. The procedure involves making incisions to remove the scar tissue and then suturing the perineum back together. Recovery time varies depending on the extent of the surgery, but most women are able to resume normal activities within a few weeks.It is important to note that surgery is not always necessary to treat perineum scar tissue after birth. Non-surgical treatment options are often effective in reducing pain and discomfort associated with perineum scar tissue.Perineum scar tissue after birth can cause vaginal area discomfort, pain, and even affect sexual function. Fortunately, there are ways to prevent or minimize the formation of scar tissue. Here are some tips:By taking these steps, you can reduce your risk of perineal tearing and scar tissue formation after childbirth. However, it's important to remember that every birth is unique and some women may still experience tearing or scarring despite taking preventive measures. If you do experience perineal tearing or scar tissue formation, there are treatments available to help manage symptoms and promote healing.Perineal tears and episiotomies are common during childbirth and can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the perineum. This scar tissue can cause discomfort, painful intercourse, and even sexual dysfunction for some women.Fortunately, there are several treatments and therapies available to help manage perineal scar tissue. Pelvic floor rehabilitation (pelvic floor), scar massage therapy, acupuncture and other non-invasive treatments can help alleviate pain and discomfort. Surgical options may be necessary in more severe cases. Pain relief is absolutely necessary to improve enjoyment of sexual intercourse and quality of life.It is important for women to speak with their healthcare provider about any concerns they may have regarding perineal scar tissue and any pain they may be experiencing.

Urine should be yellow.  Each person has a different “normal” in the color range from very pale to darker shades of yellow.  You should recognize when your urine color is average for you.  When you drink the proper amount of water a day, urine is probably pretty light yellow.  The more dehydrated you are, the darker it will look.  If your urine is cloudy, or a color other than yellow, or brown, or if it smells unusual, consult your medical professional.One common cause of neon yellow urine is the consumption of vitamin supplements, particularly B-vitamins like riboflavin (B-2) and cobalamin (B-12). These vitamins are known to cause fluorescent yellow-green urine when consumed in excess, especially through supplements or multivitamins. Medications that contain these vitamins can also be a contributing factor. Check the labels of your over the counter products or seek professional medical advice regarding your medications to determine if your they might be causing your urine to be a different colorDehydration can result in a darker urine color, and in some cases, may present as a neon yellow shade. This is due to the increased concentration of urochrome pigment, which is produced when the body breaks down hemoglobin. Normally, the urine color depends on the dilution of this pigment; however, when the body is dehydrated, or your drinking less water than usual, the urine becomes more concentrated, which may lead to a brighter yellow color or dark yellow color. This is usually not a cause for immediate concern, try to drink plenty of water and assess if it goes back to the normal urine color of pale yellow, like lemonade.As mentioned, keeping hydrated is a good thing, especially if you exercise vigorously.  If you have worked out or have been dealing with summer heat, you probably should increase your water intake.  It’s important to monitor your hydration level during exercise. You want to ensure you’re drinking enough water but not excess amounts. You might be able to notice you’re drinking too much water if you develop clear urine. In rare cases this can lead to a serious health problem called hyponatremia. This can be noted by symptoms such as headache, confusion, fatigue, nausea and vomiting and requires immediate medical attention. Alternatively if you don’t drink enough water you could develop severe dehydration during intense exercise. Aim for your urine to be a lighter yellow in color and always drink when you are thirsty If your urine is darker than usual after exertion, have a glass of water.  If you are consistently dehydrated, you will notice your urine gets darker.  A side effect of extreme exercise can be an unusual urine color. Excessive exercise can break down muscle cells and cause a potentially serious health problem. This can lead to brown urine and pain due to muscle cramping. Especially if you are also experiencing muscle pain, seek medical attention quickly from a health care provider as it can be a sign of kidney disease.  This could be a serious medical condition called rhabdomyolysis where urine can look red or brown.Diet can affect the color of your urine and can cause neon yellow urine. For instance, beta carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, can lead to bright yellow urine or even orange urine when consumed in large amounts. This nutrient is found in yellow and orange foods like carrots and sweet potatoes. The beta carotene that we are encouraged to consume in carrots and sweet potatoes converts to Vitamin A which can make your urine darker or even orange.Additionally, natural foods like berries and beets can contribute to a neon yellow color, even without the presence of vitamins or supplements. These can also produce red urine. Some processed foods also contain dyes that will affect the color. Red or pink urine could also be a sign of red blood cells, or bleeding in the urinary system. Possible causes of blood in the urine include bladder cancer, kidney cancer, vaginal atrophy, kidney stones, or other kidney problems This could also be a sign of a urinary tract infection which is often accompanied by cloudy urine or an odor change. If you notice red urine it’s important to see a healthcare provider to rule out any serious medical conditions.If you have recently switched or added certain vitamins to your regimen, you should realize that the B vitamins like B-2 and B-12 can cause urine to fluoresce into almost a yellow-green color.  This includes those shakes that have a lot of riboflavin and cobalamin.  Vitamin C may show up darker or even orange.  Vitamin C is also high in foods like tomatoes, strawberries, and broccoli.Medications can also affect the appearance of urine.  This includes over-the-counter as well as prescription versions.  Examples include phenazopyridine (Pyridium) and rifampin are known to produce an orange hue.  Laxatives and some chemotherapy treatments also change the color of urine. If you have ruled out dehydration, food sources, and medicines, but you still notice discoloration, cloudiness, or an unusual odor, you may have developed an infection or issues with your kidneys or bladder.  This can be a sign of a serious illness or condition.  Consult a physician as soon as possible to rule out anything critical.  Especially if the discoloration is accompanied by any other symptoms like fever, pain, or vomiting.Age and gender play important roles in the chances of developing some condition or illness.  Most women will, at some point, develop a uterine tract infection (UTI) and men can have problems with their prostate gland, either of which can cause bleeding expelled through the urinary tract.  For children, urinary tract bleeding is very serious and should be addressed quickly by medical personnel.Make sure you regularly take a look at the color of your pee in the toilet bowl. If you have consistent neon yellow pee or urine it is important to talk to your doctor. When you visit the doctor and he or she orders a urinalysis, you should be prepared to answer a number of questions especially about your fluid intake, when the discoloration began, sleep patterns, smoking, unexplained weight loss, rashes, and any changes in your regular routine.  Through a physical examination and the results of your blood work, the physician should be able to direct you to a cause and treatment options.Sources:https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=19&contentid=vitaminb-2 

With time we all expect to see a few age spots, sometimes called liver spots, or a darkening are usually on the hands, face, arms, or other areas that were overly exposed to the sun.  However, it may come as a surprise if you see the area around your genitals becoming darker.  While it is gradual, it may be a bit shocking when you finally notice it.The good news is that it is this is usually a normal process in aging and there is nothing to be concerned about.  It is called hyperpigmentation.  The color can be slightly different from one woman to another and women with paler skin tend to have less differentiation than others.  Darker skin will appear more brown.  It will affect the labia, scrotum, and anus. Want to learn more?  FOLLOW OUR DOCTORS ON INSTAGRAM HERE! The vaginal area may be dark for a variety of different reasons. It does not necessarily mean that something is very wrong. The individual female anatomy of each person can vary. If you have any concerns be sure to check with your doctor.The skin naturally produces melanocytes which, in turn, forms melanin, which is the same stuff that gives our hair, eyes, and skin its color.  In the genital area, this substance is particularly sensitive to hormones.  As our hormones change during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, the color can increase.  In addition to the genital area, it can also cause darkening around the areolae of the breasts and even your anus.Intercourse creates friction and that will cause the melanocyte to increase in activity, creating more dark areas.  Skin folds in the groin can also become darker from daily rubbing against each other.  Some hair removal products and shaving will have the same effect.  If the area becomes inflamed like from a yeast infection or ingrown hair, this can have the same color change.While it may seem like a fallback excuse, the fact is that getting older changes a lot of things, including pigmentation.  It is an accumulation of repeated trauma from shaving or intercourse and hormonal changes through the years.Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, thick, and velvety patches of skin. These patches typically appear in body folds and creases. They can be found in the neck, armpits, under the breasts, as well as in the vaginal area and groin. Acanthosis nigricans is not a disease itself but is often a sign of an underlying health condition.The most common cause of acanthosis nigricans is insulin resistance, which is often associated with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher levels of insulin in the blood. This can result in the overgrowth of skin cells and the development of acanthosis nigricans.In addition to diabetes, acanthosis nigricans can also be associated with other medical conditions, such as obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal disorders, certain medications, and, in rare cases, cancer.The diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans is usually based on a physical examination of the affected skin. If an underlying medical condition is suspected, your doctor may order more tests to figure out the causeAs a preventive measure, you can try to lessen the friction to minimize the darkening.  Some suggestions are:•         Avoid tight clothing especially underwear•         Moisturize your skin•         Limit the amount of sweat wicking clothing you wear•         Avoid excessive hair removal including waxing and shaving.  This can cause inflammation and folliculitis (red bumps or pimples caused by bacteria or infection).As mentioned, this is not dangerous in any way.  If you think it is due to some inflammation, keep close watch to be sure there is no infection.  Keeping the area clean and dry will help. However, any sudden or drastic change should warrant a phone call to your doctor's office.  They will probably run some tests to rule out any drastic systemic changes or pathology that caused the unexpected occurrence.  If there is itching it could be a reaction to some product or an infection.If you feel compelled to pursue this further, check with a dermatologist about safe options.  This is not a time for home remedies or suggestions from the internet.  Also, it is important to be sure that it is your sole decision and not because someone else didn't care for it.

Round ligament pain in pregnancy is common because the round ligament connects the front part of the uterus to your groin. There is one round ligament on each side of your uterus. While early pregnancy round ligament pain can happen, round ligament pain in third trimester is common because the uterus has greatly increased in size. Round ligament pain, sometimes called “lightening crotch”,  is a sharp, sometimes jabbing feeling in the lower belly or groin area on one or both sides. The pain usually lasts a few seconds, but can be longer. Lightning crotch typically affects the right side, but it can happen on both sides. When the round ligaments stretch, they are more susceptible to sudden movements which cause the round ligament to tighten. When the ligament tightens it pulls on the fibers of the nerve which results in pain. Exercise and sudden movements like sneezing, coughing, or even standing up too quickly can cause round ligament pain.Stretching for round ligament pain can be very helpful. One stretch is the cat-cow stretch done in many forms of yoga. Start with your hands and knees on the floor with your shoulders directly over your wrists, and your hips directly over your knees. While breathing in, drop your belly so that your back arches and your face looks slightly up. This is called the cow position. While breathing out, round your upper back, and allow your head to drop and face your belly. This is called the cat position. You should do this stretch at a slow pace for at least one minute, take a break and then repeat it. Additionally, you should consider modifying your natural movements so that you don’t make abrupt positional changes that could trigger the pain. When going from sitting down to standing up or vice versa, do it slower than you usually would.  In general, you will want to avoid sudden movements that could lead to stretching of the ligament and subsequent discomfort. Avoid positions that aggravate the pain and protect yourself from sudden movements by flexing your hips holding your lower belly. This can be especially helpful if you are laughing, coughing, or feel a powerful sneeze coming on.If conservative methods are not working, you may consider using pain relievers that are safe in pregnancy for round ligament pain. Typically, acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used for pain in pregnancy, but always check with your Ob-gyn first. Additionally, remember that round ligament pain can be experienced for several months so exercising and behavior modification may serve you better than constant medication use. It may also be helpful to use a heating pad in the areas of your discomfort as well as consider taking a warm bath. Remember that the water should not be too hot because sitting in a hot tub, or anything too hot, is advised against during pregnancy. You may need to combine some of the above methods to achieve long term round ligament pain relief. Be certain to discuss your plans with your doctor as well.In addition to dealing with any ailments that you have during pregnancy, it is also important to follow your doctors instructions to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Before doing any stretching for your round ligament, be sure to check with your doctor.Along with this, it is important to regularly attend your scheduled doctors visits, as well as take your prenatal vitamins. If you can't manage to swallow large pills, then you can also opt to take prenatal gummies which are also very popular. It is normal to experience round ligament pain during pregnancy. Because the round ligament connects the uterus and the groin, it is common to experience pain as your uterus grows with each trimester of your pregnancy. Round ligament pain usually happens only while someone is pregnant. Uncommonly, round ligament pain can happen in persons who are not pregnant, which could be a sign of endometriosis or another health concern. If you are experiencing any pain or additional symptoms that are concerning to your health, be sure to contact your doctor. For round ligament pain in pregnancy, try to avoid sudden movements that can aggravate round ligament pain. Stretching for round ligament pain can also be very helpful.

Painful sex after birth is a very common but often not talked about issue. Whethere you had a vaginal delivery, or a C-section birth, you are not alone in experiencing postpartum sex pain. Let's take a look at why painful intercourse happens and the treatments that actually work to improve sexual health.There are many different causes for painful sex after birth. This can make it an even more challenging experience since multiple factors are contributing. Some of these will get better over time, while others may take more time and patience. The major causes of post partum sex pain are breastfeeding, vaginal dryness due to hormonal changes, physical recovery from a vaginal birth, physical recovery from a C section, mood changes, and fatigue. Breastfeeding causes many hormonal and physical changes that can lead to painful sex postpartum. Many of these will start to improve as you get more accustomed to breastfeeding, or when you wean from breastfeeding.During breastfeeding, the hormone prolactin is released, which stimulates milk production and can have a suppressive effect on sexual desire. Prolactin levels are generally higher during breastfeeding, and higher levels of prolactin can decrease libido in some individuals.Breastfeeding can be demanding physically and emotionally, particularly in the early months when there may be sleep deprivation and adjusting to the new role of being a parent. These factors can contribute to fatigue and decreased sexual desire.Breasts are also very sensitive while breastfeeding. This can lead to pain or discomfort during physical intimacy if your partner engages in any foreplay involving the breasts. Be sure to communicate to your partner what areas are sensitive and which aren't.After childbirth, hormone levels, including estrogen, fluctuate significantly. Estrogen is essential for maintaining the health and lubrication of the vaginal tissues. Reduced estrogen levels can lead to a decrease in natural lubrication, resulting in vaginal dryness.The hormone prolactin, which is responsible for milk production, is elevated during breastfeeding. Prolactin can suppress the production of estrogen, further contributing to vaginal dryness.Giving birth is a big deal. Your body has undergone so many changes already and then it will again once you give birth. Vaginal birth can be traumatic. If a patient has had any type of vaginal tearing (any degree) during childbirth, or if they have had an episiotomy, this can cause postpartum sex pain. Patients can have scar tissue that makes sex more painful. In addition to waiting at least 6 weeks, patients should also wait until the tears or stitches are fully healed before having penetrative sex. Make sure you are cleared from you Ob-Gyn to have sex. Pelvic pain or pain with sex after c-section is common but not often discussed. On top of recovering from pregnancy, you’re also recovering from major abdominal surgery. Often, c-sections are unplanned and can take an emotional toll as well, so it’s important to give yourself time, patience and compassion when easing back into your sex life.Having a baby is not just physically demanding, it is emotionally demanding too. Hormonal changes and fatigue both can both contribute to an increased sensitivity to touch and pain. All of these can also contribute to low libido. The demands of caring for a newborn, sleep deprivation, and the general stress associated with adjusting to parenthood can cause a lowered sex drive. A decrease in sexual desire and arousal can indirectly contribute to vaginal dryness.Postpartum mood changes can reduce sex drive and contribute to painful sex, which is also called dyspareunia. Postpartum depression or postpartum anxiety, can lead to heightened anxiety and stress levels. These emotions can make it difficult for individuals to relax and become physically aroused, leading to vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse. Sleep disturbances are common during the postpartum period, which can result in extreme fatigue and reduced energy levels. Feeling exhausted can affect libido and arousal, making it challenging to engage in sexual activity comfortably.Additionally, many individuals can experience body image concerns after childbirth due to physical changes, such as weight gain, stretch marks, or abdominal muscle separation. These concerns can lead to a decrease in confidence, making it difficult to feel relaxed and enjoy sexual activity. Not feeling relaxed and comfortable can also cause difficulty in vaginal lubrication and sexual arousal. In plain words, many women are just not in the mood, and that is not uncommon.Luckily, there are some treatment options when it comes to dealing with postpartum sex pain.Having a great vaginal lubricant is very helpful when it comes to managing vaginal dryness. A water-based, silicone or oil-based lubricant can also be helpful to lubricate the vaginal opening and vaginal canal and help you to feel more relaxed. Some patients may also find a warming gel useful. Find a personal lubricant that you and your partner enjoy using.Physical therapy is very underrated in women's health, especially after giving birth. With any other major bodily trauma, many people go through physical therapy. Pelvic health is also very important, and pelvic floor physical therapy is something many patients can benefit from. A physical therapist, specifically a pelvic floor therapist, can guide you in performing targeted exercises to strengthen and restore the function of your pelvic floor muscles. These exercises, known as Kegel exercises, involve contracting and relaxing the muscles that support the bladder, uterus, and rectum.Estrogen cream can be an effective treatment for vaginal dryness. Estrogen is a hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and lubrication of the vaginal tissues. When estrogen levels decrease, such as during menopause or after childbirth, it can lead to vaginal dryness, discomfort, and pain during sexual intercourse.Estrogen cream, also known as vaginal estrogen or topical estrogen, is applied directly to the vaginal tissues. The cream is typically applied to the vagina using an applicator, allowing the estrogen to be absorbed locally. Estrogen cream helps to restore and maintain natural vaginal lubrication, reducing dryness and discomfort during sexual activity.Estrogen also promotes the production of collagen and elastin, which are important for maintaining the elasticity and thickness of vaginal tissues. Using estrogen cream can help improve the elasticity of the vaginal walls.Finally, estrogen cream can alleviate other symptoms associated with vaginal dryness, such as itching, burning, and urinary urgency or frequency. There are different forms of estrogen therapy available, including vaginal tablets, rings, or suppositories. Your healthcare provider can help determine the most appropriate form of treatment for your specific needs. A vaginal dilator can potentially help with postpartum sex pain. A vaginal dilator is a medical device that is used to gently stretch and desensitize the vaginal muscles and tissues. It can be beneficial for individuals experiencing pain, discomfort, or tightness during sexual intercourse, including those who have recently given birth.After childbirth, the vaginal muscles may be tense or tight, and there may be increased sensitivity in the area. Using a vaginal dilator under the guidance of a healthcare provider or a pelvic floor physical therapist can help gradually stretch the muscles and desensitize the tissues. This process can improve flexibility, reduce muscle tension, and decrease pain during sexual activity.Postpartum sex pain, also called postpartum dyspareunia, is very common. Once women are cleared to have sex again (usually around 6 weeks postpartum), they may find that it is not the way it was before. Hormonal, emotional, and physical factors can all contribute to painful sex after birth. Prolactin is elevated in moms who are breastfeeding, and this can suppress estrogen which can cause vaginal dryness. Mood changes can also make any sex feel not as good as it once did. Breast sensitivity as well as recovering from a vaginal tear or cesarean section can also contribute.Treatment involves vaginal lubrication, physical therapy, estrogen creams, as well as addressing any mood changes. Painful sex after birth can have multiple contributing factors so patients may need to address more than one to enjoy sex again. It is also important to use contraception when you start having sex again. Remember, that it is still possible to get pregnant while breastfeeding. If you have pregnancies that are too close together (less than 12 months) this could be dangerous for both you and the future baby. It is also important to give yourself time in the healing process. Painful postpartum sex can improve with time and keeping the lines of communication open between you and your partner is important.

At-home pregnancy tests have become essential tools for women trying to determine if they're pregnant. They typically work by detecting the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta after an embryo has implanted into the uterus. However, sometimes these tests can have conflicting results, with one positive test result and one negative test result.Over the counter pregnancy tests have a very high sensitivity. This means if you have one positive result, and one negative result, it is quite likely that the positive result is the correct one. The negative result may simply mean that the test is not sensitive enough to pick up the level of hCG in your urine yet. In most cases, this is likely the case. There are other causes of differing results that are discussed below.There are several possible explanations for these conflicting results. One reason may be the difference in sensitivity levels of the tests being used. Some pregnancy tests can detect lower levels of hCG and yield a positive result even with early-stage pregnancies, while others may require a higher hormone concentration to show a positive outcome. Another reason could be the time of day the test was taken, as hCG levels tend to be higher in the morning. Timing also plays a role; testing too early in the pregnancy may result in a false negative as hCG levels may not be detectable yet.It is crucial for an individual experiencing this discrepancy to seek a healthcare professional's input to confirm and understand their pregnancy status accurately. Sometimes, false negatives can happen when a woman is at a later stage in her pregnancy, leading to the phenomenon known as the "hook-like effect." In these cases, hCG levels are so high that they interfere with the pregnancy test's ability to detect them. Consulting with a healthcare provider enables a woman to receive the appropriate guidance and information during this period.The most accurate way to figure out if you are pregnant is a blood pregnancy test. This is much more definitive than a urine pregnancy test. However, it is important to note that when there is enough HCG in the urine, a home urine pregnancy test is usually correct. If there is a negative pregnancy test result on a home urine test, it may be that you just need to repeat the test a few days later to see it turn positive. Pregnancy tests detect the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a woman's body, which is produced when a fertilized egg implants in the uterus. hCG levels increase rapidly during early pregnancy, making it a reliable indicator for pregnancy detection. However, various factors can affect the test's accuracy, leading to false-positive or false-negative results.There are two main types of pregnancy tests: urine tests and blood tests.There are many factors can affect the accuracy of pregnancy test results, leading to false positives or false negatives. A false positive means that the test reads positive, but the patient is not pregnant. This is rare because at-home pregnancy tests have high sensitivities. A false negative means that the test is negative but the patient is actually pregnant. If you have a negative test and you have had unprotected sex, it is a good idea to retest a few days later. If you want the best results, you can see your doctor for a blood test. There are several factors that can lead to a false positive pregnancy test result. Some common causes include:False negative pregnancy test results can also occur due to various factors, including:It is important to remember that while false positives and negatives can occur, most pregnancy tests are reliable when performed correctly. If you have any lingering doubts or questions, consulting with a healthcare professional is always the best course of action.It's essential to follow the test instructions carefully and consult a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about the results, especially when one pregnancy test is positive and the other is negative. They can provide further guidance, additional testing, or explanations for any discrepancies.There could be several reasons for mixed pregnancy test results, leading to one test being positive and the other negative. Some possible factors include:If you have received mixed results from home pregnancy tests, the most reliable method for confirming a pregnancy is through a blood test. Blood tests can detect hCG levels with higher accuracy and at earlier stages of pregnancy than urine tests. There are two types of blood tests:It is very important to consult a healthcare professional to arrange a blood test for a more accurate determination of pregnancy. If yo uare pregnant you will want to be sure that you are taking prenatal vitamins and appropriate steps to ensure a healthy pregnancy. 
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation of a fertilized egg. The presence of HCG in the blood or urine indicates a possible pregnancy. HCG levels rise rapidly during early pregnancy, doubling approximately every 48 to 72 hours, and then decrease as the pregnancy progresses. The HCG levels' variation might contribute to different pregnancy test outcomes.A false negative or positive result may occur when the HCG levels are too low or too high for the pregnancy test to detect. A positive result on one test and a negative result on another could result from issues like a very early pregnancy, an ectopic pregnancy, or a chemical pregnancy. It is crucial to wait a few days and take another test or consult a healthcare provider.The most accurate time to take a pregnancy test is after a missed period. However, some sensitive tests may detect HCG levels before a missed period, but those results could be less reliable.Timing is crucial when taking a pregnancy test. Here are some tips for the best time to take a test:Understanding the importance of timing in pregnancy tests helps ensure accurate results and proper next steps. Regardless of the test results, it's essential to consult with your healthcare provider to confirm the pregnancy and discuss appropriate care or to understand the reasons for inconsistent results.Many women rely on at home pregnancy tests to confirm their pregnancy status. In some situations, patients might be left confused when one test shows a positive result, and the other is negative. This contradiction could be caused by various factors and understanding them is crucial for women during this often-stressful time. It is important to note that due to the high sensitivity of at home pregnancy urine tests, the positive test is likely the correct one, but not always.This conflicting outcome can be attributed to several factors. One possible reason is the difference in sensitivity levels between the tests, as some tests can detect lower levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) than others. Another cause could be the time of testing, as hCG levels rise during pregnancy, and a test taken too early might not accurately detect the hormone.It is essential to consider the possibility of a false-positive or false-negative result. False positives can occur due to specific medications, medical conditions, or testing errors. On the other hand, false negatives can result from improper testing or the hook-like effect in some cases, where high concentrations of hCG potentially interfere with accurate readings.The best idea is to either ask your doctor for a blood test,or to wait a few days and retake the test. During these days you should take appropriate pregnancy precautions like taking a prenatal vitamin.

Heavy implantation bleeding can be concerning and it is unusual for implantation bleeding to be heavy. Heavy bleeding is the type of bleeding that a person would experience on their period. Typical implantation bleeding is usually a light spotting that is caused by the fertilized egg implanting itself into the uterine wall. Spotting or light bleeding is when there are a few drops of blood on your underwear. It is usually not enough blood to require using a panty liner or pad.  In this article, we will explore the key features and possible causes of varying degrees of implantation bleeding.Implantation can occur anywhere from 6 to 12 days after ovulation, but it usually happens about 7 days after ovulation. During this time, the embryo starts dividing and growing, while the inner lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, undergoes changes to prepare for the developing pregnancy. The earliest signs of implantation are usually light pink or brown spotting. It is also possible to experience implantation cramping during this time.  The exact timing of implantation bleeding may vary from woman to woman, and it is not always an indicator of successful implantation of the embryo to the uterine wall. If you suspect you are experiencing implantation bleeding, it is important to monitor the bleeding and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.Implantation bleeding typically lasts for a short period of time, usually ranging between a few hours to a couple of days. Some women may experience spotting for up to a week. It differs from person to person and can sometimes be mistaken for a light period. In general, however, implantation bleeding is generally lighter and shorter in duration than a regular menstrual period.While the duration of implantation bleeding can vary, it is important to recognize the difference between implantation bleeding and a regular period. Some key differences include the color, consistency, and flow of the blood. Implantation bleeding tends to be lighter in color, often pink or brown, and has a thinner consistency compared to menstrual blood.Furthermore, implantation bleeding usually does not involve heavy bleeding or clotting, and it is unlikely to be accompanied by severe pain. If you experience heavy bleeding, clotting, or severe pain, it is recommended to consult a medical doctor. If you're having any other symptoms including cramping or fatigue, it's best to talk with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medications or vitamins.Implantation bleeding is a sign of pregnancy if the bleeding is in fact due to the fertilized egg implanting into the uterine wall. The only way to determine if you are pregnant is to take a pregnancy test. This can be an at home pregnancy test or it could be one in the doctor's office. If you are concerned that these are not accurate results, you should take a second at home pregnancy test. In addition to a missed period, implantation bleeding can be one of the earliest signs of pregnancy. If you have had unprotected sexual intercourse in the previous weeks, it is also essential to see medical advice and get a blood draw. A blood test for the pregnancy hormone HcG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels can give you a definitive answer as to whether or not you are experiencing early signs of pregnancy. It is important to know if you are in the first trimester of pregnancy so that you can modify your behavior as needed and take prenatal vitamins. Other causes of bleeding include an ectopic pregnancy, a miscarriage, your menstrual period, or breakthrough bleeding. Bleeding from a miscarriage or your menstrual period tends to be heavier and very noticeable. Breakthrough bleeding tends to not be as heavy for most people.  If you experience vaginal bleeding between two weeks before and two weeks after ovulation, it could be implantation bleeding or something more serious, like an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of your uterus. This location is usually in the fallopian tubes, but it can be elsewhere. Because it is impossible to tell if someone is having an ectopic pregnancy without a medical evaluation involving a doctor, it is important to schedule an in person appointment with an Ob Gyn as soon as you think you may be pregnant. The doctor can draw blood, perform a physical exam, and also do an ultrasound to begin to evaluate the cause of bleeding.Breakthrough bleeding can occur with the use of any hormonal birth control, like birth control pills, a hormonal IUD, a birth control implant, a ring, a patch, or a shot, like Depo-Provera. Out of these birth control methods, breakthrough bleeding is more common with low-dose and ultra-low-dose birth control pills, the implant, which is placed under the skin of the arm, and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs).After IUD placement, women often have spotting in the first couple months after placement, and it should resolve by 6 months. With the birth control implant, the bleeding can continue beyond the first few months. Implantation bleeding is one of the common early pregnancy symptoms. It may be mistaken for a light menstrual cycle, rather than an early sign of pregnancy. It typically occurs about 10 to 14 days after conception when the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus. Heavy implantation bleeding is not typical. It may happen but it is rare. It may be more common in persons who have a bleeding disorder or are on blood thinners.Understanding the characteristics of implantation bleeding is essential in differentiating it from menstrual bleeding or other potential causes. A positive pregnancy test should be followed up with a healthcare provider immediately. Ectopic pregnancies are a medical emergency. They are important to rule out if you are in the early weeks of pregnancy. Only a medical professional will be able to determine if this light blood flow is from a pregnancy in the fallopian tube. Generally, implantation bleeding is light and lasts for a day or two, requiring just a pantyliner rather than a full sanitary pad. It is important to note, however, that heavy implantation bleeding is not the norm and may require further medical attention or consultation with a health care provider to determine if there are any underlying issues. Implantation bleeding is not heavy bleeding. It is usually light bleeding or spotting. If you are having heavy bleeding, please contact your doctor right away. Sources:https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000614.htmhttps://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/what-you-should-know-about-breakthrough-bleeding-with-birth-controlMummert T, Gnugnoli DM. Ectopic Pregnancy. 2021 Dec 9. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 30969682.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969682/

Postpartum diapers can be a real life saver for new moms. This is because new moms may find it much easier to use postpartum adult diapers rather than using bulky maxi pads inside mesh panties. These disposable diapers actually look like high waisted panties but they area actually disposable underwear. Diapers for postpartum bleeding and postpartum underwear can be a great option for a person who has recently given birth. What many people don't realize is that there is usually heavy bleeding that follows the birth of a child and wearing diapers postpartum will make your life easier as you adjust to your new normal. Maternity pads can also be used, but they are just not as comfortable as using the right postpartum underwear. Vaginal bleeding happens to everyone after giving birth, whether you had a C-section or a vaginal delivery. It is the heaviest in the first week postpartum, and will usually continue for several weeks. When choosing the best adult diapers for postpartum, you should consider the fact that in the first few days the bleeding can be quite heavy so you will want something that you don't mind throwing away. After the first 10 to 14 days you can also consider using washable underwear with panty liners inside. Once you decide which is best for you, you will want to pack these in your hospital bag so that you can use them in the first days following birth. Essentially all of the choices mentioned above can also be used for vaginal delivery. However, since you will not have a scar from the C section surgery, you do not need to worry about having a postpartum diaper that is very high waisted. Remember that it will take time for your uterus to contract, so your belly will not be what it was before pregnancy. You should choose postpartum underwear that can easily be pulled up over the belly so it does not slide down. Here is a short list of the best postpartum underwear after a vaginal delivery:1. Kindred Bravely Fourth Trimester Postpartum Panty | Postpartum Essentials Underwear with 2 Hot/Cold Gel Packs: This high waist postpartum underwear is the luxury option for all postpartum moms who have given birth vaginally. It is wide enough to hold postpartum pads and even has included perineal gel packs. The included gel packs can be cooled in the freezer or warmed in the microwave. Once set to your desired temperature (be sure to read instructions first), they can then be put into one of the three pockets inside the underwear. There is one for perineal pain after vaginal delivery, one near the stomach for uterine cramps, and one in the back for back pain. 2. Always DiscreetIf you are not experiencing any perineal pain and have not had any tears during birth, you can start using disposable underwear right away. This is a super convenient and easy option for moms who don't want to think about lining their underwear with pads. Just pull on, pull off and dispose of the dirty diapers easily .After a C section, most women are in a lot of pain. A Cesarean section is major surgery, and the pain afterward can be significant. The area of the c section incision is very sensitive and you do not want anything rubbing up against it. You will want to purchase a high-waisted postpartum underwear that goes several inches past your scar so that there's no concern for it rubbing against it. In the earliest days following delivery, use a pad with your high waisted underwear to absorb as much blood as possible. Once the scar is less sensitive (usually after week 3 or 4 post partum) you can switch to completely disposable postpartum underwear. Here is a list of the best postpartum diapers after a C section:The best postpartum pads are the ones that offer the best protection with a high level of absorbency, but are also comfortable to wear. Ultra thin pads with wings are a great option and the only downside is that you will have to change them out every 3 to 4 hours depending on your blood flow. Our favorite brand when it comes to the postpartum pads are Poise Ultra Thin With Wings. These have a high absorbency and are thin enough to be comfortable unlike some of the huge pads made by other brands. You will need more diapers postpartum in the early postpartum period than you will as you get to week six and week seven postpartum. In the first week, plan to have at least seven pairs of high waisted underwear that you can combine with maxi pads to help absorb your blood flow. You can wash mesh underwear, but you will want to have several pairs handy so that you can always easily switch into a clean pair. After the first week or two, you can switch to postpartum diapers. You will likely need four to five diapers a day for the next ten to fourteen days, depending on your comfort level and how often you prefer to switch them out. It is a good idea to have about twenty to start and then purchase more if you need to.When thinking about buying postpartum pads or diapers, it really depends on the amount of bleeding you are having. In the beginning, the bleeding is likely to be significant so mesh under and a large pad (which the hospital will usually provide) is a good choice. Once at home and moving around with your little one, postpartum diapers may be more convenient and comfortable. You should try both and see which works better for you. Remember that whatever you choose be sure that you change it frequently and use a new pad or new diaper every few hours to stay clean, dry, and comfortable.Incontinence underwear (designed for urinary incontinence and urine leakage) and postpartum diapers share a lot of the same qualities. Postpartum diapers however usually have the right size when it comes to accommodating the uterus. Remember it will take a few weeks to months for your uterus to go back to its size before you had a baby. Therefore postpartum diapers are designed with this in mind, and have extra give in the lower belly portion of their feminine design. Postpartum diapers also are designed to not irritate the incision site for anyone who has had a C section delivery. This is why the average adult diaper may not be best choice for a first time mom. Choose an option that has been specifically designed with postpartum moms in mind. Postpartum life is not easy and neither is postpartum care. The last thing you want to worry about in addition to caring for your newborn is worry about how you will stay dry down there. Between postpartum bleeding, bladder leakage, and other postpartum discharge, it is a good idea to have some postpartum diapers and postpartum underwear on hand. Diapers postpartum can be very useful and they may become your best friends in the postpartum recovery period. For C section moms be sure to wear soft underwear and maxi pads in the initial weeks post partum as you dont want anything that rough rubbing against your scar. Moms who have a vagina birth can use disposable underwear right away. If you have a perineal pain, consider buying an underwear that can hold a cooling or heating gel for pain relief. The best part about postpartum diapers is that you can easily dispose of the diapers when they become soaked.

In the debate of pads vs tampons, many people choose pads because they are worried about toxic shock syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome, sometimes abbreviated as TSS, can happen with tampon use. However, in order to avoid being at risk for TSS, it is important to know how often to change a tampon. Proper tampon insertion and removal is important. A tampon should be changed every 4 to 8 hours or sooner than this if it is becoming soaked with blood. If you plan to sleep with tampons in, then you should not go longer than 4 to 8 hours without changing your tampon. Additionally, using super-absorbent tampons is more associated with TSS, so choose tampons that have regular absorbency. Toxic Shock Syndrome is caused by bacteria. It was more common in the 1980s when people used super-absorbent tampons. The incidence of TSS has declined over the last 30 years as there is more awareness about it. While Toxic Shock Syndrome has been associated with tampon usage, it can happen to other people. The name Toxic Shock refers to bacteria circulating in the body producing toxins. The bacteria needs a point of entry to your body and with tampons, it is from the tampon and in other people it could be from an open wound. While TSS is rare, it can be life-threatening. The bacteria most associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.It is important to know the signs of TSS or Toxic Shock Syndrome. Signs of TSS include symptoms of fever, headache, fatigue, exhaustion, body aches, sore throat cough, diarrhea, dizziness, fainting, difficulty breathing, and even confusion. In addition to some of the flu like symptoms described, some patients can also get a rash on their body that looks like a sunburn. The white part of your eyes can turn red as well. If you think you are experiencing any of these symptoms, seek medical care immediately.If you have a history of Toxic Shock Syndrome, then you should avoid using tampons in the future. This is because reinfection can occur. If you have not had TSS in the past, then remember correct tampon usage. This means keeping your tampons in a clean dry place before use, and changing them regularly even if they are not fully soaked. If your tampon is painful, take it out. Tampons should not be painful to use. Many people use a mix of both pads and tampons. This can help optimize for comfort and safety. Consider using pads overnight and tampons during the day. TSS from tampons is not as common as it use to be in the 1980s. This is because there is more awareness about correct tampon usage, and the use of super absorbent tampons has gone over time. If you think you are experiencing signs of TSS, you should seek emergent medical care. If you have a history of Toxic Shock Syndrome, there is a risk of reinfection and so in this situation, you may consider using pads over tampons. If you have not ever had TSS, then remember to use tampons correctly. Do not leave them in for extended periods of time. Sources:Hansen NS, Leth S, Nielsen LT. [Toxic shock syndrome]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020 May 11;182(20):V11190673. Danish. PMID: 32400378.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32400378/Smith RJ, Schlievert PM, Himelright IM, Baddour LM. Dual infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic shock syndrome. Possible synergistic effects of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Aug;19(4):245-7. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(94)90038-8. PMID: 7851088.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851088/https://www.femhealthproject.com/article/pads-vs-tamponhttps://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/your-first-period

There are 3 types of dexamethasone suppression tests. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is the most commonly used on in clinical practice. It is a diagnostic procedure primarily utilized to screen for excess cortisol production, such as in cases of Cushing's syndrome. This test is particularly helpful in detecting dysregulated cortisol hypersecretion in adrenal incidentalomas, which are adrenal tumors discovered by chance during imaging for other medical reasons.The low-dose dexamethasone test is primarily used to screen for excessive cortisol production (Cushings syndrome). The test helps determine if the body is able to respond to an external dose of steroid, in this case dexamethasone, by lowering or suppressing its own secretion.The low dose dexamethasone suppression test is usually ordered by your healthcare provider to learn more about your cortisol hormone. Usually, your primary care doctor or your endocrinologist will order this test. Your doctor may order this if you are a patient who has signs and symptoms of excess cortisol production in your body. It can help to diagnose Cushings syndrome and is also an essential diagnostic tool for detecting dysregulated cortisol hypersecretion in cases of adrenal incidentalomas.An abnormal low-dose DST test result indicates excessive release of cortisol, thereby suggesting Cushing's syndrome. This disorder may be caused by an adrenal tumor or other factors disrupting the cortisol production process.Additionally, an ACTH level may be checked as well, to provide insight onto the source of overproduction. If ACTH is low, then the source of cortisol excess may be from the adrenal gland. If ACTH is normal to high, the source may be from the pituitary gland. This information can help healthcare professionals determine the source of excess cortisol production in the body and develop an appropriate treatment plan for the patient.During the low-dose overnight DST, a patient is given 1 milligram of oral dexamethasone, a synthetic corticosteroid, at 11 p.m. This is typically given to the patient as a dexamethasone pill which the patient will pick up from the pharmacy. A blood sample is then drawn at 8 a.m. the following morning to measure the cortisol level. If the patient's cortisol level is suppressed to below 1.8, the test is considered normal. However, if the cortisol level remains at or higher than 1.8, this is considered a positive test. Basically, since the the cortisol levels do not decrease adequately, it may suggest the presence of Cushing's syndrome or another issue contributing to excessive cortisol production.While the low-dose DST is an important tool in screening for cortisol oversecretion, it is crucial to note that there are limitations to the test. The test is less reliable for determining the source of  Cushing's syndrome, and there can be a false positive or false negative result due to various factors, such as the intake of certain medications. It is important to note that some factors may affect the accuracy of the test, including medications such as oral contraceptives or other hormonal medications. Therefore, patients should inform their healthcare providers about any medications they are taking before undergoing the low dose dexamethasone suppression test.Before the test, it is important for patients to inform their doctor of any medications they are currently taking, as some medications can interfere with the test results. The patient may need to stop taking certain medications or adjust dosages under the guidance of a healthcare provider before the test. Additionally, patients should avoid consuming alcohol and engaging in strenuous physical activity 24 hours before the test, as these factors can also affect cortisol levels.The low dose dexamethasone suppression test can be carried out as follows: the patient takes a 1- mg tablet dose of dexamethasone at 11 PM the night before the lab test. A blood test is then done the following morning at, around 8 AM, to measure the amount of cortisol in the blood. Typically, an ACTH level and a dexamethasone level is also drawn.The 2-day low dose dexamethasone suppression test can also be used as a screening tool. This test is not commonly performed because of its long duration, especially in light of the findings that the sensitivity and specifity of the simpler tests are comparable. In the two-day extended (three-day) test, the patient takes 0.5 mg low dose of dexamethasone orally every six hours, for a total of eight doses. BloodTheir urine is collected over a 24-hour period on days two and three, and blood samples are drawn at specific time intervals during the test. In both cases, the test measures cortisol levels to determine whether the body has effectively suppressed cortisol production in response to dexamethasone.The duration of the low dose dexamethasone suppression test varies based on the chosen method. The overnight test takes approximately 10-12 hours, from the time the patient takes the dexamethasone until the blood sample is drawn the following morning, whereas the extended (twothree-day) test takes a total of 4872 hours., including three days of taking dexamethasone and urine collection. The chosen method may depend on factors such as patient preference, scheduling, and the healthcare provider's assessment.The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a complex system of neurohormones that works by a negative feedback mechanism. This axis regulates the physiological mechanisms of stress reactions, immunity, and fertility. The HPA axis consists of three primary glands:Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in response to stress.Pituitary Gland: This pea-sized gland, situated below the hypothalamus, secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) upon receiving CRH from the hypothalamus.Adrenal Glands: These butterfly-shaped glands sit on top of each kidney. When ACTH stimulates them, cortisol secretion increases.There are two different types of dexamethasone suppression tests. The low-dose test and high-dose test dexamethasone suppression screening tests are used to diagnose conditions related to abnormal cortisol production. Both tests involve administering dexamethasone, a synthetic steroid, and measuring how much cortisol is in the blood after a specified time period. However, there are differences in the dosage and purpose of each test.In the low dose dexamethasone suppression test, 1 milligram of dexamethasone is given at 11 p.m., followed by a blood sample taken at 8 a.m. the next morning for cortisol measurement. This test is primarily used to determine if the body is producing too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). If cortisol levels are suppressed after taking dexamethasone, it suggests normal cortisol regulation.On the other hand, the high dose dexamethasone suppression test involves a higher dose of 8 milligrams of dexamethasone given at 11 p.m., with a cortisol measurement taken the next morning. This test is often used to identify the original cause of increased cortisol production. Tumors that produce ACTH outside of the pituitary gland do not contain active glucocorticoid receptors and do not respond to steroid negative feedback. , specifically, if the issue originates in the pituitary gland, indicating Cushing's disease.As far as the high dose dexamethasone suppression test is concerned, some experts favor direct sampling of ACTH levels from the inferior petrosal sinuses to determine whether there is ACTH overproduction from the pituitary gland.Both low dose and high dose tests can be conducted overnight or as standard three-day tests. In the standard low dose test, 0.5 mg of dexamethasone is given every six hours from day 2 onwards, while 2 mg is administered in the standard high dose test. The low dose test screens for the presence of cortisol hypersecretion. The high dose test determines whether the source of cortisol overproduction is driven by ACTH from the pituitary or ATCH from an external tumor. The high dose test evaluates excessive ACTH production. On the other hand, the high dose test focuses on identifying whether the source of the problem is the pituitary gland. Both tests can be conducted with an overnight or standard three-day protocol.It is essential to consider that false test results can occur due to various factors, such as certain medications, obesity, depression, and stress. Furthermore, false results are more common in women than men. Careful interpretation of the test results and consideration of the patient's medical history and current conditions are crucial for an accurate diagnosis.Due to various reasons, such as medications, obesity, stress, and depression, false test results can occur, leading to misdiagnosis or confusion about the patient's condition. It is essential to note that false results are more common in women than in men.There are certain medications that can interfere and cause an abnormal test result, either by decreasing or increasing cortisol levels. These medications include, but are not limited to:Patients should inform their healthcare providers of any medications they are taking to ensure accurate test results and proper interpretation.When evaluating the results of a low dose dexamethasone suppression test, it is essential to distinguish between normal and abnormal outcomes. This section explains the interpretation of both normal and abnormal test results. It is important to note that interpretation of a positive result is improved by using multiple screening tests, including urinary-free cortisol, late-night salivary cortisol, or dexamethasone suppression test.A normal outcome of a low dose dexamethasone suppression test indicates effective suppression of cortisol production. In this case, the 8 a.m. plasma cortisol level is lower than 1.8 mcg/dL or 50 nmol/L after taking 1 mg of oral dexamethasone the night prior to blood draw.overnight testing, or urinary free cortisol on day 3 is lower than 10 mcg/day or 280 nmol/L during standard testing (UCSF Health). Normal results suggest that the patient does not have Cushing's syndrome, a condition characterized by excess cortisol production.Abnormal results in a low dose dexamethasone suppression test may indicate the presence of Cushing's syndrome. Abnormal results warrant further diagnostic evaluation to determine the underlying cause and help guide treatment strategies.The accuracy of results depends on a number of factors. For example, the too rapid absorption or metabolism of dexamethasone may falsely lead to non-suppression of cortisol. Conditions that cause increased cortisol binding globulins can also lead to falsely high cortisol levels. Conversely, conditions that lead to slow metabolism or breakdown of dexamethasone can lead to an excessively high drug level that nullifies the intended result, leading to cortisol being falsely low. Decreased cortisol binding globulin levels can produce a falsely low cortisol value as well. It is important to note that various factors can contribute to inaccurate test results, including medications, stress, and certain medical conditions. Therefore, interpreting the results should be done in conjunction with the patient's medical history and any clinical signs or symptoms they exhibit.The low dose dexamethasone suppression test is one of a few screening tools that aims to screen for the presence of Cushing’s syndrome. As discussed above, there are conditions that may lead to false positive or false negative results. It is important to use other screening tests, along with a careful assessment of a patient’s signs and symptoms, when approaching diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. One limitation of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test is its decreased reliability in detecting corticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome.Although the low dose dexamethasone suppression test is a widely used screening method for Cushing's syndrome, several alternative diagnostic tests and procedures are available. These adjunct tests should also be performed. These tests, when taken into consideration along with the 1- mg dexamethasone suppression test, improves the validity of the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.alternatives can provide additional information and or be used when the low dose dexamethasone suppression test is inconclusive or contraindicated.One of these screening tests alternative is the 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) test. This test measures the level of cortisol in a patient's urine collected over 24 hours. Elevated UFC levels can indicate excess cortisol production and suggest the presence of Cushing's syndrome. Though not as specific as the low dose dexamethasone suppression test, the UFC test has the benefit of being noninvasive and easy to perform.Another test alternative is the late-night salivary cortisol test, which measures the level of cortisol in saliva samples taken late at night. This test can provide useful diagnostic information, as cortisol levels in healthy individuals follow a circadian rhythm that dictates a fall to its lowest level late at night. typically decrease during nighttime. Persistently elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels may be indicative of Cushing's syndrome.ACTH stimulation tests are also used to evaluate adrenal function. These tests involve the administration of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and subsequent measurement of the body's cortisol response. In individuals with normal adrenal function, cortisol levels increase in response to ACTH administration. In contrast, a blunted or absent cortisol response may indicate adrenal insufficiency or the presence of other adrenal disorders.After screening and confirmatory testing strongly suggests the presence of Cushing’s syndrome,In some cases, imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be utilized to assess the size, shape, and function of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, or other relevant anatomical structures. These imaging techniques can help identify tumors or other abnormalities that could be contributing to cortisol dysregulation.The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test is an essential tool for screening for excessive cortisol production, also known as Cushing's syndrome, and identifying dysregulated cortisol hypersecretion in adrenal incidentalomas. This test involves administering a low dose of dexamethasone, which helps to suppress the release of ACTH, further leading to a decrease in cortisol levels in normal individuals. Then a healthcare professional will take a sample of your blood to measure your plasma cortisol levels.An abnormal result in the low-dose test may indicate the presence of Cushing syndrome due to excessive cortisol release, which could be caused by an adrenal tumor or other factors.Some studies have suggested that under certain circumstances, a two-day low dose dexamethasone suppression test may provide more accurate results, particularly in women taking oral contraceptives PubMed.Clinicians should be familiar with this test as an initial screening test for hypercortisolism. Overall, the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test proves to be a useful diagnostic tool for healthcare professionals. However, it is essential to consider specific patient conditions and other factors when interpreting the results to ensure accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment.

In the debate of pads vs tampons, which is a better choice? The answer to this question in most cases is whichever works better for you! There are some situations where a pad is better and these are discussed below. Most people will use a mix of pads and tampons throughout their life to manage their menstrual period. There is a learning curve with tampon usage. In the beginning, pads may be easier to use because there is no learning curve. Just peel the sticker off the back of the pad and stick it to your underwear. Depending on how heavy your period is, you may have to use a thicker pad. Some women may find this uncomfortable so they prefer tampons. The first few times you try to put in a tampon it may be challenging. You may end up wasting a few tampons just figuring out how to get the tampon (which is the cotton part) out of the applicator (which is the plastic part). You may even experience some mild discomfort putting a tampon in. But, once the tampon is in, there should not be any pain. Tampons have the advantage of not being bulky and many find them more comfortable to use. Especially if you are wearing tight-fitting clothing, you may not want to have a pad on. If you prefer to wear thongs then tampons are also a better option, as you won't be able to wear a pad with this type of underwear.If you have had any procedure inside your uterus or vagina, the doctor will advise you not to use a tampon for a certain period of time. If you have recently given birth vaginally or by c-section, you should not put a tampon in for at least 6 months. The bleeding that happens naturally after birth should be controlled using a pad. If you. have a urinary tract infection, you should consider using a pad over a tampon in this situation as putting a tampon in may be more uncomfortable during a UTI. Finally, if you have ever had TSS or Toxic Shock Syndrome, then there is a chance of reinfection with tampon usage. So, persons with a history of TSS should use pads over tampons.For someone who has a very heavy period, you can use a tampon and a pad together. This can help prevent any leaks and help to keep your underwear dry. Another option is to use a tampon with period underwear that can help to absorb any leakage. If you have having very heavy flow, it is a good idea to change your tampon regularly and also be evaluated by a doctor to make sure that everything is okay. For some women a heavy flow period is normal, but there are some cases in which it could mean you have a medical issue. For example, fibroids in the uterus can cause a heavy period. Check with your doctor if you are having extremely heavy periods. Pads and tampons are both great ways to manage your menstrual period. There is a learning curve with tampon usage but many women find them more comfortable. They are also smaller than pads and easy to carry around in your purse, handbag or backpack. In addition to pads and tampons, you can also use a menstrual cup or period underwear. If you are someone who is already taking birth control, you may be able to skip your period entirely. This is done by skipping the placebo week of the pill and moving on to the next month of birth control pills. Ask your doctor if this is a good option for you.Sources:https://www.femhealthproject.com/article/How-To-Insert-A-Tampon-In-Your-Body

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, affecting 2-10% of pregnancies in the United States. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels during pregnancy. This condition typically appears in the middle of pregnancy, between 24-28 weeks, and can cause complications for both the mother and baby.If you had gestational diabetes during your first pregnancy, you may be wondering about your chances of developing it again in subsequent pregnancies. Research shows that women who had gestational diabetes in their first pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing it again in subsequent pregnancies. However, this does not mean that it is inevitable. With proper management, it is possible to have a healthy pregnancy even with gestational diabetes.This article will explore the topic of gestational diabetes in second pregnancies, including the risk factors, symptoms, and management options. We will also discuss the importance of proper prenatal care and monitoring to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and baby. By understanding the risks and taking proactive steps to manage gestational diabetes, women can have a successful and healthy pregnancy, even with this condition.Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy. It is caused by hormonal changes that affect the body's ability to use insulin effectively. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When insulin is not used effectively, blood sugar levels can rise and cause health problems for both the mother and the baby.During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones that can make it harder for insulin to do its job. As a result, the body may need more insulin than usual to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range. If the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet this demand, gestational diabetes can develop.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2% to 10% of pregnancies in the United States are affected by gestational diabetes. Women who are overweight, have a family history of diabetes, or have had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy are at higher risk of developing the condition.It is standard for expecting mothers to have a glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. It is important to take this test correctly so that you can get accurate results. There is a 1 hour test that is done initially and then a 3 hour test is done if a person fails the 1 hour test. The testing is typically done in the mid to late second trimester, but if you have had GDM in a previous pregnancy you will take the test in your first trimester. It is important to manage gestational diabetes to ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby. This may involve making dietary changes, monitoring blood sugar levels, and taking medication as prescribed by a healthcare provider. If left untreated, gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, and a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.Unfortunately, the risk of having GDM in a future pregnancy is always hire if you have had it in a previous pregnancy. Women who have had gestational diabetes in their first pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing it again in their second pregnancy. According to a study published in PubMed, the risk of GDM in the second pregnancy among women with previous GDM was 41.3%, compared to 4.2% in women without previous GDM. Therefore, it is important for women who have had GDM in their first pregnancy to monitor their blood sugar levels carefully during their second pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can be more severe in second pregnancies. Women who have had GDM in their first pregnancy are more likely to develop it earlier and have higher blood sugar levels in their second pregnancy. Therefore, it is important for women to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of complications. Women who have had gestational diabetes in their first pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. According to the CDC, up to 50% of women with a history of GDM will develop type 2 diabetes within 5-10 years after their pregnancy. Therefore, it is important for women to maintain a healthy lifestyle and monitor their blood sugar levels regularly after their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and baby in the second pregnancy. The baby is at a higher risk of being born early, having low blood sugar, and being very large, which can make delivery more difficult. The mother is at a higher risk of developing high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and needing a cesarean delivery. Therefore, it is important for women with a history of GDM to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of complications. Women who have had gestational diabetes in their previous pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing it again in their second pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to undergo screening and diagnosis for gestational diabetes as early as possible. The screening process usually involves a glucose challenge test (GCT) followed by a glucose tolerance test (GTT) if the GCT results are abnormal. The GCT involves drinking a sugary solution followed by a blood test to check glucose levels. If the results are abnormal, the GTT is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Managing gestational diabetes involves making lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and monitoring blood sugar levels. A registered dietitian can help create a meal plan that includes the right balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Regular exercise can help lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Monitoring blood sugar levels is important to ensure they remain within the target range. In some cases, lifestyle changes may not be enough to manage gestational diabetes. In such cases, medications such as metformin or insulin therapy may be prescribed. Metformin is an oral medication that helps lower blood sugar levels. Insulin therapy involves injecting insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin therapy may be necessary if blood sugar levels remain high despite lifestyle changes and medication. In conclusion, women who have had gestational diabetes in their previous pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing it again in their second pregnancy. Screening and diagnosis should be done early, and managing gestational diabetes involves making lifestyle changes, monitoring blood sugar levels, and medication if necessary. There are several lifestyle changes that women can make to reduce their risk of developing gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy. These include:It's important to note that these lifestyle changes are beneficial not only for preventing gestational diabetes, but also for overall maternal and fetal health.In addition to lifestyle changes, medical management can also help prevent gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy. This may include:It's important for women who have had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy to discuss their risk factors and preventative measures with their healthcare provider.By making lifestyle changes and following medical management recommendations, women can reduce their risk of developing gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy and improve their overall health and the health of their baby.Gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy is a concern for many pregnant women. While the risk of recurrence is higher for those who have had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, there are steps that can be taken to manage the condition and reduce the risk of complications.Research has shown that maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels can help manage insulin resistance in gestational diabetes. In some cases, medication may also be necessary to manage blood glucose levels.It is important for women who have had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a plan for managing the condition during a subsequent pregnancy. Regular prenatal care and monitoring can help ensure the health of both the mother and the baby.Overall, while the risk of gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy is higher for those who have had the condition in a previous pregnancy, it is a manageable condition that can be effectively managed with proper care and attention.

Diaper rash is a common issue faced by newborns and their parents. This uncomfortable condition is typically characterized by red, irritated skin on a baby's bottom, and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as wetness, friction, and even yeast infections. A severe diaper rash on your baby's bum can hang around for a long time if not dealt with properly. Fortunately, there are numerous diaper rash creams available on the market designed specifically to help soothe, heal, and prevent this unpleasant problem in newborns.While diaper rash cream can be an essential part of your newborn's skincare routine, it is important to understand how to use it effectively and safely. Knowing when to apply the cream, how to choose the right product, and how to properly care for your baby's delicate skin can make all the difference in minimizing diaper rash and keeping your little one comfortable and happy.While diaper rashes in newborns may all just look like bright red skin, they can be classified into different types based on their appearance and underlying causes. Understanding these types can help parents identify the best course of action in treating and preventing them.Irritant Dermatitis: This is the most common type of diaper rash, caused by extended contact of the baby's skin with urine and feces. It appears as red, inflamed skin on the buttocks, thighs, and genitals source.Candida Dermatitis: This type of diaper rash is caused by a fungal infection, specifically Candida yeast. It is characterized by bright red, raised patches with well-defined borders and small red bumps or pustules around the affected area. Candida dermatitis typically occurs in the folds of the skin and is more likely to occur if a baby has recently been on antibioticsAllergic Dermatitis: Allergic dermatitis occurs when a baby's skin reacts to an allergen in the diaper or baby care products. This type of rash appears as red, itchy, and sometimes scaly skin, and may be accompanied by oozing or crusting.When dealing with a diaper rash, it is essential to properly diagnose the type of rash and adjust the treatment accordingly. Consult a healthcare professional when necessary to ensure appropriate care for your newborn.Diaper rashes are common in newborns and can have a variety of causes. One common reason is prolonged exposure to moisture and irritants in the diaper area, resulting from infrequent diaper changes or not cleaning off stool thoroughly. Stool can be particularly irritating to the skin, leading to inflammation and rash development (Children's Hospital Colorado).Another possible cause of diaper rash is a yeast infection. Yeast infections, specifically candidiasis, can occur when the natural balance of microorganisms on the skin is disrupted. Antibiotic usage, a weakened immune system, or other factors might contribute to the overgrowth of Candida, resulting in diaper rash.Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria, might also lead to diaper rash. These might occur if an existing mild diaper rash becomes infected or if a baby's skin is particularly vulnerable due to other factors.Sensitivity to certain diaper materials or chemicals in soaps and wipes might lead to diaper rash development in some newborns. It's essential to pay attention to any signs of irritation or rash and consider changing diaper brands or using more gentle cleansers to see if the condition improves (Nemours KidsHealth).Diaper rash cream should be applied to your newborn's skin whenever there is a possibility of irritation or when signs of redness and irritation appear. It is okay to apply a diaper ointment every couple hours if you are continuing to see redness. Some parents may choose to apply diaper rash cream as a preventative measure at every diaper change. This is not necessary but may help avoid the development of rashes and keep your baby's skin protected against moisture and chaffing. New parents should also not hesitate to seek medical care from their pediatrician or healthcare provider if a rash is not resolving despite home treatment.Before applying diaper cream, ensure that your newborn's bottom is clean and dry. It is best to change the diaper and clean your baby's bottom with a gentle wipe or a warm, damp cloth.To apply diaper rash cream, take a sufficient amount of the cream on your fingertips and gently rub it onto your baby's skin. Make sure to cover the entire affected area with a thick layer of the cream, including any folds of the skin. Pay extra attention to areas that are more prone to irritation.When using a zinc oxide barrier cream, like DESITIN® Maximum Strength Original Paste, apply a thick layer at each diaper change to enhance its effectivenes.Once the cream is applied, put on a clean diaper, making sure it is fastened securely and comfortably around your baby's bottom, without being too tight.When selecting a diaper rash cream for your newborn, it's important to consider the ingredients used and the type of product, whether it be a cream or an ointment. This will ensure that you choose the most effective and gentle option for your baby's delicate skin.Some key ingredients to look for in a diaper rash cream include:Diaper rash creams and ointments each have their own advantages for treating and preventing diaper rash. Here are the main differences between the two:Creams Ointments Lighter consistency, making them easier to apply and remove Thicker consistency, creating a more effective barrier on the skin May contain a higher percentage of active ingredients, like zinc oxide Often contain higher amounts of emollients, like petroleum jelly, for improved moisture protection Less likely to stain clothing More likely to stain clothing due to the heavier consistency Ultimately, your choice between creams and ointments will depend on your personal preferences and your baby's specific needs. Experiment with both types to determine what works best for your newborn's diaper rash prevention and treatment.Diaper rash is a common issue faced by parents with newborns. By following some simple tips, you can prevent diaper rash from occurring and keep your baby comfortable. Here are some methods to avoid this condition:The best way to prevent a diaper rash is changing your baby's diaper frequently, making sure they are always dry and clean. The following tips may help:Choosing between cloth diapers and regular diapers can be a personal decision for parents. There are pros and cons to both options:Cloth Diaper is more cost-effective and more environmentally friendly. Cloth diapers also have fewer chemicals touching baby's skin. However, disposable diapers are more convenient and may be needed during a time of a diaper rash so you can do frequent changes easily. Regular diapers also have more absorption capacity and thus may be less likely to further irritate a baby's diaper rash. Ultimately, your choice depends on your preferences and what works best for your baby. Ensure whichever option you choose is changed frequently to prevent diaper rash.Establishing a good skin care routine can play a significant role in preventing diaper rash in newborns. Consider the following steps:There are many causes of diaper rash, but most commonly they happen due to poop having contact with the baby's sensitive skin for too long. Frequent diaper changes can help to prevent this as well as some over the counter rash products like triple paste and other barrier creams. Especially if your child has a dirty diaper, it is a good idea to change the diaper immediately and apply some rash ointment to the baby's diaper area. Newborn skin is very sensitive and needs to be taken care of. By following these preventive measures, you can reduce the chances of your newborn experiencing diaper rash and promote healthy, happy skin.

Finding the best laundry detergents for babies with eczema can be challenging. Eczema is a skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin, and it can be exacerbated by harsh chemicals found in some laundry detergents. Choosing a detergent that is gentle on your baby's skin can help soothe their eczema and prevent flare-ups.When shopping for a laundry detergent for babies with eczema, it's important to look for products that are free from harsh chemicals and fragrances. Many detergents contain ingredients that can irritate sensitive skin, including sulfates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances. Opting for a detergent that is specifically designed for babies with eczema can also be helpful, as these products are formulated to be extra gentle on delicate skin.With so many laundry detergents on the market, it can be overwhelming to figure out which are the best baby laundry detergents. In this article, we'll take a look at some of the best laundry detergents for babies with eczema. We'll consider factors like ingredients, effectiveness, and affordability to help you make an informed decision and keep your baby's skin healthy and happy.Eczema is a common skin condition that affects people of all ages, but it is especially prevalent in babies. It is also known as atopic dermatitis, and it is characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed skin. Eczema can be a frustrating condition for both the baby and the parents, but with proper care and management, it can be controlled. In this section, we will discuss what eczema is and the causes of eczema in babies.Eczema is a type of skin inflammation that causes red, itchy, and inflamed skin. It is a chronic condition, which means that it can last for a long time, and it tends to flare up periodically. Eczema can affect any part of the body, but it is most common on the face, neck, arms, and legs. In babies, eczema often appears on the cheeks and scalp. Eczema is not contagious, and it cannot be spread from person to person.The exact cause of eczema is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Babies who have a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies are more likely to develop eczema. Environmental factors that can trigger eczema include:Babies with eczema have a weakened skin barrier, which makes their skin more susceptible to irritants and allergens. This can lead to a cycle of itching and scratching, which can further damage the skin and make the eczema worse. It is important to identify and avoid triggers that can cause eczema flare-ups in babies.There are a few things that you should not use that could worsen skin conditions and even cause allergic reactions in your baby. Do not use essential oils on your baby. Some of these are too strong and are not approved for use in children. Furthermore, essential oils are not well regulated and the effects of some are unknown. Also do not use products with harmful chemicals which may be found in a product that has an extremely concentrated formula. Finally, a fragrance-free option is always better over something that has even a light scent. Babies are very sensitive and direct contact with artificial brighteners or artificial fragrances can cause worsening of eczema-prone skin. Choosing the right laundry detergent for your baby with eczema can be a daunting task. With so many options available in the market, it can be overwhelming to decide which one is the best for your baby's sensitive skin. Here are some factors to consider when choosing the best laundry detergent for babies with eczema:When selecting a laundry detergent for your baby with eczema, it is important to avoid certain ingredients that can irritate the skin. These ingredients include:These ingredients can cause skin irritation and trigger eczema flare-ups in babies with sensitive skin. Built-in fabric softener is not necessary. It is best to opt for a laundry detergent that is free from these ingredients.When choosing a laundry detergent for your baby with eczema, look for ingredients that are gentle on the skin and can help soothe and moisturize it. These ingredients include:These ingredients can help maintain the moisture barrier of the skin and prevent eczema flare-ups in babies with sensitive skin.When selecting a laundry detergent for your baby with eczema, it is important to read the label carefully and look for products that are specifically designed for babies with sensitive skin. By avoiding harsh chemicals and choosing gentle, moisturizing ingredients, you can help keep your baby's skin healthy and free from eczema flare-ups.All Free Clear Detergent is another excellent choice for babies with eczema. This detergent is specially formulated to be hypoallergenic and free of fragrances, dyes, and harsh chemicals that can cause irritation. It is also safe for use in all types of washing machines and is effective in removing tough stains from baby clothes. *We also love these awesome dryer sheets for babies with sensitive skin.Rockin' Green Classic Rock Unscented Laundry Detergent is a great choice for babies with eczema. It is specially formulated to be gentle on sensitive skin and is free of harsh chemicals, dyes, and fragrances that can cause irritation. This detergent is safe for use in all types of washing machines and is effective in removing tough stains from baby clothes.Dreft Stage 1: Newborn Liquid Detergent is a popular choice for parents of newborns with eczema. It is specially formulated to be gentle on delicate baby skin and is free of harsh chemicals, dyes, and fragrances that can cause irritation. This detergent is safe for use in all types of washing machines and is effective in removing tough stains from baby clothes.When choosing a laundry detergent for babies with eczema, it is important to look for products that are hypoallergenic and free of fragrances, dyes, and harsh chemicals. It is also important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to avoid overloading the washing machine, as this can lead to incomplete rinsing and residual detergent on the clothes.Babies with eczema have sensitive skin that is easily irritated by certain fabrics and materials. Here are some clothes and fabrics that babies with eczema should avoid:When choosing clothes for your baby with eczema, look for soft, breathable fabrics like cotton. It is also important to wash your baby's clothes in a gentle, fragrance-free detergent to avoid irritation.By avoiding these clothes and fabrics, you can help prevent eczema flare-ups and keep your baby's skin healthy and comfortable. You may also need to try one of the above options and switch to another if it doesn't work for you. The best detergent for your baby is the one that works best for your baby. It is also a great option to find the best product that the whole family can use too so that doing loads of laundry stays as simple as possible. Before washing your baby's clothes, it is important to treat any stains or heavily soiled areas. Use a mild stain remover or a paste made from baking soda and water to gently rub the affected area. Avoid using bleach or harsh chemicals as they can irritate your baby's skin. Doing a pre wash cycle can also minimize the amount of detergent you need to use. When washing your baby's clothes, choose a hypoallergenic laundry detergent that is free from fragrances and dyes. Some recommended brands include Seventh Generation, Ecos, and Tide. Use the recommended amount of detergent as baby clothes do not need too much detergent. Avoid overloading the machine to ensure that the clothes are thoroughly cleaned. The water temperature can be variable, there is no best choice for this. Washing clothes in warm water or in cold water are both acceptable.After washing, it is important to rinse the clothes thoroughly to remove any leftover detergent. Avoid using fabric softeners or dryer sheets as they can irritate your baby's skin. Instead, use wool dryer balls or hang the clothes outside to dry in the sun.Store your baby's clothes in a clean, dry place to prevent the growth of bacteria and mold. Avoid using scented sachets or mothballs as they can irritate your baby's skin. Instead, use natural alternatives like lavender or cedar chips.It is also important to wash any new clothes before your baby wears them to remove any residual chemicals or irritants. Use the same washing and drying techniques as mentioned above to ensure that the clothes are safe for your baby's delicate skin.By following these tips, you can help prevent eczema flare-ups and keep your baby's clothes clean and comfortable.Choosing the right detergent for babies with eczema can be a daunting task, but it is essential to ensure that your baby's skin is protected from irritants. After conducting extensive research, we have come up with a list of the top laundry detergents that are safe and effective for babies with eczema.When selecting a laundry detergent, it is crucial to look for products that are free of harsh chemicals and fragrances. The best detergents are those that are hypoallergenic, gentle on your baby's skin, and have a neutral pH balance. Additionally, it is essential to avoid fabric softeners, as they can cause skin irritation and worsen eczema symptoms.Our top picks for the best laundry detergents for babies with eczema are Babyganics Laundry Detergent, Tide Free and Gentle Liquid Laundry Detergent, and Seventh Generation Concentrated Baby Laundry Detergent. These detergents are all free of harsh chemicals, fragrances, and dyes, making them gentle on your baby's sensitive skin.It is important to note that every baby's skin is different, and what works for one may not work for another. If you notice any adverse reactions or worsening of eczema symptoms after using a particular detergent, discontinue use and consult a pediatrician.Ultimately, choosing the right laundry detergent for your baby with eczema requires careful consideration and research. By using one of our top picks or another hypoallergenic detergent, you can help protect your baby's skin and prevent eczema flare-ups.

The quickest answer is sort of. Women who are born as XX at birth do not have the male prostate gland. However, the women's reproductive system does have two small anatomical structures called the Skene's glands which perform physiologically similar things.Skene's glands are sometimes referred to as the female version of a prostate. Skene’s glands are located on either side of your urethra and link your urethra with the vagina.  The fluid released by the Skene glands lubricates urethra’s opening. The fluid has antimicrobial properties, and it protects the bladder and urinary tract from potential bacterial infections. However, it is important to note that these glands drain into small ducts in urethra. Like male’s prostate gland, these glands also keep infection at bay to prevent it from affecting other body parts from infections. Since the Skene glands are situated in the pelvic area, it is important to understand female pelvis anatomy as well as the difference between sex and gender.  The lower part of the torso between the legs and the abdomen is called pelvis. The pelvis supports the intestines and contains reproductive organs, the bladder, as well as the Skene’s glands.  ●      Hip bones: Our body has two hip bones, one on the right side and the other on the right. Hip bones form one part of the pelvis known as the pelvic girdle, and these join to the skeleton’s upper part through an attachment at the sacrum. Each hip bone consists of three smaller bones, including Ilium, Pubis, and Ischium.●      Sacrum: The sacrum is connected to the vertebrae’s lower part. It consists of five vertebrae, all fused together. The thick sacrum supports our overall body weight.●      Coccyx: Also known as the tailbone, coccyx is connected to the sacrum’s bottom by several ligaments. It consists of four vertebrae, all fused into a triangle-like shape.●      Levator ani muscles: These are the largest muscles in the pelvis for supporting several functions, such as supporting the pelvic organs, helping with bodily functions like urination and defecation, and sexual function.. It is a group of three different muscles, including puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and Iliococcygeus.●      Coccygeus: It is a small pelvic floor muscle that originates at the ischium. This muscle connects to the coccyx and sacrum. Some organs found in the female pelvic area are:●      Uterus: This thick-walled, hollow organ is where the baby develops. During the reproductive years, the uterus’ lining sheds during menstruation until pregnancy.●      Ovaries: Uterus has two ovaries located on either side. This part produces eggs and releases hormones, including progesterone and estrogen. ●      Fallopian tubes: Fallopian tubes in women’s bodies connect ovaries to the uterus. Cilia, specialized cells in the fallopian tubes direct eggs from the ovaries toward the uterus.●      Cervix: Cervix widens to allow sperms to pass into the uterus. It also produces mucus that prevents bacteria from reaching the uterus.●      Vagina: It connects the external female genitalia and the cervix. Also known as the birth canal, the baby passes through the vagina during birth. The vagina has receptors that are responsive to the female hormone, estrogen.Skene glands, sometimes called the female prostate or paraurethral glands, are located near the female urethra. These glands are often associated with sexual arousal and orgasm. These glands create PSA phosphatase, a substance that has been found in the substance released by the urethra during squirting. However, not all women experience female ejaculation or squirting, and there is still debate about the nature and composition of these fluids.During sexual arousal, the Skene glands can become engorged with fluid and increase in size. When a woman reaches orgasm, the Skene glands can release this fluid, which is sometimes referred to as female ejaculate. These glands also contribute to a phenomenon known as "squirting" which is a release of clear odorless fluid that can be larger in volume than female ejaculate. Stimulation of the Skene glands happens through the female G-spot, which is an erogenous zone located on the front wall of the vagina, can be pleasurable for some women and can even lead to orgasm.Similar to stimulation of a man’s prostate some find it enjoyable while others do not.  However, not all women are able to locate or stimulate their G-spot, and there is still much that is not understood about the role of the Skene glands in sexual arousal and orgasm. So, what is the difference between sex and gender? Gender and sex are two different concepts that are often used interchangeably, but they actually refer to different things.Sex refers to the biological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics that define XY(male sex) and XX (female sex). It is based on biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs. In other words, sex is determined by a person's biology, and it is typically assigned at birth as male or female.Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations that are associated with being male or female in a given society. It is a social construct that is shaped by cultural norms, beliefs, and values. Gender is not determined by biology but rather by social and cultural factors, and it is often expressed through gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles.In summary, the best way to separate the two is that sex refers to anatomic differences between males and females. On the other hand, gender refers to how a person identifies in the context of social roles, cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations commonly associated with that identity. It is important to note that there are not just two ways to identify, and there are several different gender identities. The prostate is a gland that is part of the male reproductive system, or the XY reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body.The primary function of the male prostate is to produce and secrete a fluid that is an important component of semen. This prostate fluid helps to nourish and protect sperm as they travel through the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse.The prostate is about the size of a walnut. The size of the prostate can vary throughout a man's life, and it typically grows larger with age. In some men, the prostate can become enlarged enough to cause urinary problems, such as difficulty urinating, frequent urination, or a weak urine stream which can seriously impact one’s quality of life. However the size of a man’s prostate is not always correlated with urinary symptoms.In some cases, prostate enlargement may be a sign of prostate cancer, although most cases of prostate cancer are slow-growing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged and can cause urinary problems in men. This is because as the prostate enlarges it can obstruct the flow of urine from the urinary system. BPH is a common condition that becomes more prevalent as a man ages. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), BPH affects approximately half of all men between the ages of 51 and 60, and up to 90% of men over the age of 80.Some of the signs and symptoms of an enlarged prostate include frequent urination, difficulty starting urination, weak urine flow, dribbling after urination, urinary tract infections, and inability to completely empty the bladder. Regular medical care and regular checkups can help identify any problems. Prostate exams (digital rectal exam) and PSA (prostate specific antigen) tests with the right health care provider can help detect prostate cancer early and increase the chances of successful treatment. It’s important to note that PSA can be elevated for a number of non-cancerous reasons including BPH or non-bacterial and bacterial prostatitis which can be assesed by your doctor. If you have a risk factor of prostate cancer such as  a family history of prostate cancer or are African American it’s important to begin screening at the age of 45 or earlier. There are different types of prostate cancer but the most common is prostate adenocarcinoma which is often slow growing. While rare, it is possible for cancer to develop in the Skene glands. Prostate cancer is much more common than cancer of the skene gland. Skene gland cancer is extremely rare and is often diagnosed as urethral cancer or bladder cancer, as the Skene glands are located near the urethra and can be difficult to differentiate from other nearby structures. It is more likely to affect post-menopausal women than those of younger ages.Because Skene gland cancer is so rare, there is limited research and information available about its causes, risk factors, and treatment options. If Skene gland cancer is suspected, a healthcare provider may perform a biopsy or other tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the appropriate course of treatment.​​In the vast majority of cases, people who identify as women do not have a prostate. These are women who are born as XX at birth and also identify as women when it comes to gender. There is no female prostate gland in women who are born XX at birth that is anatomically similar to the male prostate gland and no risk of prostate cancer.The chromosomal makeup is what identifies someone's sex. Gender is how a person identifies. Not all XX persons identify as women and not all XY persons identify as men. In the cases where a woman is XX and identifies as a woman, this individual does not have a prostate. In case where an XY individual identifies as a woman, this person will have a prostate. For example, trans women will have a prostate gland and will still have a frequent need for prostate cancer screening. It is also important to note that there are not only two ways to identify, but for the purposes of this article, these popular gender identities were discussed.Women have Skene glands that perform similar functions.  These glands produce the same hormones that men's prostate glands produce. It plays a crucial role in the woman's reproductive system. If you have any questions or concerns, be sure to chat with your healthcare provider.

Periods are a natural part of a woman's life, but they can also be uncomfortable, painful and messy. During their menstrual cycle, many people experience feelings of self-consciousness and worry about odors and leaks during their period. However, with the right hygiene practices, it's possible to stay feeling fresh during your period. It is important to remember that having a menstrual period is natural and there is nothing "dirty" about it. It is a normal process. Anything that you do to make yourself feel better should be done for you and not because of anyone else. If you ever have any concerns or questions, discuss your menstrual health with your doctor. It is also very important to note that the vagina is a self-cleaning organ and feminine hygiene products are not needed. Furthermore, douching is not recommended as it can disturb the normal vaginal flora (this is bacteria that is supposed to be present in the vagina).Although the vagina does not need to be cleaned, there are certain sanitary products that you can use around the external genital area (vulvar area) that may help you feel better, but they are not medically necessary. If you wish to use certain products during your time of the month, then that is up to you. Remember to do so because you want to, and not because of any external pressure.There are a lot of period myths out there, and there is no right way to stay fresh during your period. The best way to stay feeling fresh and clean is the one that works best for you.Choosing the right menstrual products is crucial for staying fresh and comfortable during your period. There are many different products to choose from, and some people prefer one over the other. You will have to decide which period product of choice is the one that makes you feel the best. Sanitary pads are a popular choice for many women. They come in different sizes and absorbencies, so you can choose the right one for your flow. Some pads have wings that help keep them in place. Pads with wings are more likely to prevent unwanted leaks. Disposable pads are an option as well as washable ones. Disposable pads are easier to replace and carry with you. On days of heavy blood flow, you can even wear a pad and a tampon together if needed. Tampons are another popular option. They are inserted into the vagina and absorb menstrual blood before it leaves the body. Tampons come in different sizes and absorbencies, so you can choose the right one for your flow. When using tampons, it is important to change them every 4 to 8 hours to prevent the risk of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). For many women who wear tampons, they may even forget they have their period because tampons can be very comfortable once you get adjusted to them. However, this makes it even more important to set a timer to remember to change your tampon every 4 to 8 hours.Menstrual cups are becoming more popular as a sustainable and eco-friendly option. They are inserted into the vagina and collect menstrual blood. Menstrual cups come in different sizes and are reusable, which can save you money in the long run. When using a menstrual cup, it is important to follow the instructions carefully and clean it properly to prevent infections.Ultimately, the choice of menstrual product is a personal one. It is important to choose a product that is comfortable and fits your lifestyle. Experiment with different options to find the one that works best for you.Period underwear is a great, easy-to-use option. It feels very natural but also has the added benefit of being sustainable. There are different levels of menstrual flow that you can choose from so that you choose an absorbency that's best for you. It is important to try period underwear out at home so you know how often you need to change it. Although the inside of your vagina does not need to be cleaned, it is important to use period products correctly and change them appropriately. Especially during heavy periods of blood flow, change your pad or tampon about every 4 hours if you can. This will help prevent leaks and reduce the risk of infections. Tampons that are left in for too long can lead to a very serious medical condition called Toxic Shock Syndrome. Frequent changes can also help to reduce any odor coming from your sanitary napkin. It's also important to keep the vulvar area clean, but avoid using harsh soaps or douches that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vaginal area. For some women, shaving pubic hair can be helpful in feeling clean as the period blood will not stick to the hair. Period blood that is adhered to pubic hair can be more challenging to clean.Sometimes getting out of bed on your period will be hard due to mood changes and menstrual cramps. However, a nice warm shower can help you feel refreshed. This will help keep your body clean and reduce the risk of odor. Aim to shower at least once a day, and if you feel particularly sweaty or uncomfortable, consider taking an additional shower.It's important to change your menstrual products frequently during your period. This will help prevent leaks and reduce the risk of infection. If you use pads, change them every 4-6 hours on light flow days and every 2-4 hours on heavy flow days. If you use tampons, change them every 4-8 hours, depending on your flow. Consider using menstrual cups, which can be worn for up to 12 hours at a time.Wearing breathable clothing during your period can help reduce sweating and odor. Avoid tight-fitting clothing that can trap moisture and bacteria. Instead, opt for loose, comfortable clothing made from breathable fabrics such as cotton. If you're worried about leaks, wear dark-colored pants and always carry a change of clothes.Odor can be a common concern during menstruation. If it is a concern for you, there are ways to manage it and keep yourself feeling fresh and confident. Deodorizing products can help mask any odor and keep you feeling fresh. It is important to use products that are specifically designed for the vulvar or vaginal area, as regular deodorants and perfumes can disrupt the natural pH balance and cause irritation. Some popular deodorizing products include vaginal wipes, feminine sprays, topical creams and some panty liners with odor-neutralizing technology. You do not need these products, but you can choose to use them if they help you have a better experience.Some foods can cause gas and stomach pain. Avoiding these during your period can be helpful in making you feel like your best self. These foods include garlic, onions, and very spicy foods. Additionally, foods that are high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can make you feel sluggish and overly tired. Drinking plenty of water can help flush out toxins and bacteria from your body, which can help reduce odor. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water per day, and avoid sugary or caffeinated drinks, which can dehydrate you and make odor worse.During your period, it's important to avoid high sugar foods. These foods can cause your blood sugar levels to spike, which can lead to mood swings and fatigue. Instead, opt for low-glycemic options such as berries, sweet potatoes, and carrots. These foods are high in fiber and can help keep you feeling full and satisfied.Eating protein during your period can help keep you energized throughout the day. Lean protein sources such as salmon, chicken, and beans can help promote muscle mass and healthy bones. Additionally, protein can help regulate your blood sugar levels and prevent energy crashes.During your period, premenstrual syndrome can cause many women to have mood swings and feel irritable. However, certain foods can help elevate your mood and make you feel better. Foods high in magnesium, such as spinach and almonds, can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Additionally, foods high in vitamin B6, such as bananas and avocados, can help boost your mood and reduce symptoms of depression.One of the top tips we will recommend is to never hesitate to seek medical care. If you think something is not normal, it is always a good idea to talk to your doctor. An unpleasant odor could be a sign of another medical problem like bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or a sexually transmitted infection. Some period symptoms may be more concerning than others and if you have excessive period pain, debilitating menstrual cramps, or unusual vaginal discharge, this could be a reason to talk to one of your health care providers who can help you determine what is wrong. If you are unable to get in touch with a doctor, a school nurse or other licensed medical professional could also be a good resource. During your period, it can be hard to have that fresh and clean feeling. There are some menstrual hygiene tips that can help. Change your pad or tampon every 4-6 hours to prevent odor and infection. Wash your hands before and after changing your pad or tampon to prevent the spread of bacteria. Use a gentle, pH-balanced cleanser to clean your external genital area during your period. You do not need to clean inside your vagina. Wear clothing that helps you feel comfortable. Finally, it is of utmost importance that you ask your doctor if you have any questions since some bacterial infections can also cause a vaginal odor and discomfort. It is important to rule out any serious medical conditions. By following these simple tips, you can feel confident during your period. Remember, good menstrual hygiene is essential for your overall health and well-being.

The postpartum glucose test, usually done between 4-12 weeks postpartum, is an important medical examination for women who have experienced a high risk pregnancy due to gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a condition where women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. To ensure the long-term health of the mother, postpartum testing of glucose blood levels is important as it helps to identify any potential risk of developing type 2 diabetes or other complications later in life.The American College Of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that the postpartum glucose test is done between four to twelve weeks after delivery for all patients who have had previous GDM. It involves a 75-g two-hour fasting oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The test is performed at a healthcare provider's office, and the expectant mother should be fasting, meaning no food or drink should be consumed prior to the examination. The results of this test can offer crucial information to the mother and her healthcare team, helping them make informed decisions about her future health and well-being.A postpartum glucose test is a screening test performed after childbirth to assess a woman's glucose levels and identify potential glucose intolerance or diabetes that may have developed during pregnancy or persisted after delivery. You can discuss the logistics of the glucose postpartum screening with your health care provider during one of your first or second postpartum visit.This test is similar to the screening tests that are done during normal prenatal care to assess your blood glucose level. It can be done by your Maternal-Fetal Medicine Doctor or it can be done by your Ob Gyn or Primary Care Physician. ACOG guidelines recommend that healthcare professionals screen patients postpartum for diabetes if they had GDM during their pregnancy. Even if your gestational diabetes was well controlled with medical therapy, making sure to get the postpartum glucose test during the immediate postpartum period is very important. Postpartum glucose tests are used to screen women who had gestational diabetes during their pregnancy. These tests aim to detect diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, or impaired glucose tolerance after giving birth, as there a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Oral glucose tolerance testing is one of the most common tests used for postpartum glucose screening. It measures the body's response to glucose by analyzing blood sugar levels at specific intervals after consuming a glucose solution. The procedure typically involves fasting overnight, followed by a blood sample collection to measure the baseline glucose levels. It involves a 75-gram glucose solution given orally, followed by measuring blood glucose levels at regular intervals over a period of two hours. Next, the woman drinks a glucose solution, and her blood glucose levels are tested at specific intervals over the course of two or three hours.A fasting blood glucose measurement is taken before consuming the glucose solution. Abnormal blood glucose levels during the test may indicate diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.For the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using 75 g oral glucose load with measurement of 2-hour plasma glucose levels, the interpretation is as follows (source):Normal: less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)Prediabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L)Diabetes: ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test measures blood glucose levels after a period of fasting, typically 8 hours. This test helps to detect diabetes or impaired fasting glucose in the postpartum period. A high fasting plasma glucose level may indicate the need for further testing or intervention.For fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, the interpretation is as follows (source):Normal: less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)Prediabetes or impaired fasting glucose (IFG): FPG 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L)Diabetes: FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)The Hemoglobin A1C Test is another method for postpartum glucose screening. This test measures the percentage of glycated hemoglobin in the blood, providing an indication of average blood glucose levels over a period of 2-3 months. The Hemoglobin A1C Test is useful in detecting diabetes and in monitoring blood glucose control for women who have already been diagnosed with the condition.It is essential for women who had gestational diabetes to undergo postpartum glucose testing between 6-12 weeks after giving birth. This can help identify any potential issues and allow for timely interventions to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes or other complications.Interpreting hemoglobin A1C values during a postpartum glucose test follows the same principles as interpreting A1C values in general. Hemoglobin A1C values below 5.7% are considered normal, while values between 5.7% and 6.4% indicate prediabetes. Values of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicate diabetes (source: Mayo Clinic, CDC). However, it's worth noting that elevated hemoglobin A1C values during a postpartum glucose test may be a sign of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which should be taken seriously as it can have long-term effects.The relationship between BMI and the development of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes has been observed in various previous studies. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used medical screening tool to estimate the amount of body fat an individual has, based on their height and weight ratio. However, it is important to consider that BMI might not provide a complete picture of an individual's overall health.In the context of gestational diabetes and the development of type 2 diabetes, BMI can be useful in understanding potential risks. Research has shown that patients who have excess body fat, particularly around the mid section and belly area, have an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes following gestational diabetes. Pregnant women who have an high BMI likely need to gain less weight during pregnancy than those women who have a normal or low BMI.It is important for women with a history of gestational diabetes to monitor their BMI and take necessary steps to maintain a healthy weight. This may include adopting healthier lifestyle habits, such as a balanced diet and regular exercise (American Diabetes Association).Some risk factors associated with a higher Body Mass Index and gestational diabetes are:However, although a higher BMI can indicate an increased risk, it is not the sole determinant of type 2 diabetes development. Other factors, such as age, family history, and lifestyle habits, also play a significant role in determining an individual's risk. Additionally, due to BMI's limitations as a measure of health, it is crucial to assess other risk factors and health markers, such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar management, for a comprehensive understanding of one's risk (Harvard Health).To prepare for the postpartum glucose test, it is important to follow some guidelines that will help ensure accurate results. This includes adhering to a fasting period, following a balanced diet, and being aware of any possible side effects or complications.Before the test, you might be asked to fast for a certain period, usually around 8 hours. This means avoiding any food or drink, aside from water, during that time frame. Fasting is essential because it allows for an accurate measurement of your baseline blood sugar levels source.Leading up to the test, it's also important to maintain a well-balanced diet that limits your intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates. A healthy diet can help increase your chances of passing the test and reduces the risk of developing gestational diabetes source.Gestational diabetes within days to weeks following delivery. The exact time that blood glucose will normalize depends on each individual person. Patients with gestational diabetes will be tested around 6 weeks after giving birth. If the results of the postpartum glucose test are normal, you should be rechecked in one year because almost 70% of women who have had gestational diabetes will go on to develop Type 2 Diabetes at some point in their life. This can happen even years after the postpartum period.After giving birth, the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy stop, and the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state. This means that the insulin resistance that was caused by the pregnancy hormones also disappears, and blood sugar levels return to normal. In most cases, gestational diabetes goes away after delivery. Still, as mentioned above, women who have had gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Therefore, it is important for these women to have regular check-ups and maintain a healthy lifestyle to reduce their risk of developing diabetes in the future.There are many things that a woman must deal with during the postpartum period. From postpartum rib pain, healing perineal scar tissue, and breastfeeding to ensuring that their blood sugar has normalized, it can be a stressful time. Early detection and management of postpartum glucose intolerance contribute to improving the long-term health of women, as it helps prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. Fortunately, in the vast majority of cases gestational diabetes will resolve after birth and immediate postpartum diabetes is not common. Although this is true for most patients, it is still very important for anyone who has a history of GDM during their pregnancy to get a postpartum glucose test to ensure that their blood glucose levels have returned to normal.

The best 1 year old travel toys have a few qualities. They are compact and easy to pack and store in a hotel room. They won't make a mess during long car rides on plane rides, and they provide safe play. The right travel toys to entertain a 1 year old include toys they can reach for, hold, suck on, shake, make noise with, and things to listen to.The absolute key when it comes to this age group is variety and volume. It is important to note that one year olds may have limited attention spans and may quickly lose interest in a toy. It's a good idea to bring a variety of toys and activities to keep your child engaged and entertained during travel. You can rotate them so that your little one is constantly entertained. Here are our top travel toys for traveling by plane, car, or both. Here are our favorite travel toys for all types of transportation including public and private transportation. Magna Doodle is a compact and lightweight toy, making it easy to carry during travel. It is mess free and a nice quiet option for all types of travel. You may need two if your children are very close in age and would possibly fight over it. It is very popular from ages 1 to 3. Because it is magnetic it is mess free. It has a magnetic drawing board and a stylus. This means there are no messy crayons, markers, or ink involved. It allows for mess-free creativity, making it suitable for confined spaces like airplanes or cars where spills or stains could be problematic.The unique feature of Magna Doodle is its ability to erase and start over easily. By sliding the eraser handle or using the built-in erase feature, you can clear the drawing surface and create something new within seconds. This feature eliminates the need for carrying extra sheets of paper or worrying about running out of drawing space. Magna Doodle can provide hours of entertainment for toddlers. It offers a blank canvas for drawing, doodling, writing, and playing games like tic-tac-toe or hangman. It can help pass the time during long journeys, providing a creative outlet and engaging the mind.With the rise of digital devices, having a screen-free entertainment option during travel can be refreshing. Magna Doodle does not require batteries, Wi-Fi, or charging, making it a quiet and screen-free alternative for keeping oneself or children occupied during flights, road trips, or other travel situations.Sensory board books make great travel toys. A 1 year old is learning to flip the pages of a book and will be able to entertain themselves in multiple ways using a sensory book. What makes these books some of the best toys for travel is that they stand the test of time. Board books can be used to entertain your 1 year old but then can also be used to help them learn how to read as they get to ages 2, 3, and 4. An investment in this type of book will the be perfect toy for years to come. One of the most popular children's board books is the "That's not my animal" series by Usborne.  Children love to touch and feel the different textures on the page and it's also a very compact size and can fit easily inside a diaper bag or suitcase. They are durable and easily to clean as well. Books are an absolute must during long flights and long road trips. It is a good idea to have at least 3 books with you since most young kids lose interest in things quickly. A busy board is a great toy because it is a great way to entertain young toddlers in a small space. Also the compact size and different textures can keep your little one entertained longer. They can use the busy board to practice hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. A busy board can also fit easily into a diaper bag and can also grow with your child so they are also able to use this until age 3. When it comes to Montessori travel toys, the Gojmzo Busy Board is a very popular choice amongst parents because it has many different sensory toys within it, is washable, and is the perfect size for all types of travel. It is important to note that many one year olds will put most of their toys in their mouth so be sure that they are being watched while they use this type of toy. This is a great option for plane travel since you can help show your one year old how to use the different parts of the busy board. A busy book or a busy board can be a great learning tool as well. These montessori style books help to enhance your toddler's problem-solving skills. They also grow well with children as some older kids will also find them challenging. It is very important to bring along a few teething toys because your 1 year old is likely to be teething. Your baby's lateral incisor and first molar could be coming in during this time so choose a teether that can reach to the back teeth. The cactus teether also can double as a toothbrush, is easy for your toddler to grip and can allow them to reach their back teeth. It is a great teething toy for ages 1 to 2. These are a favorite when it comes to toddler travel toys. They are a hands on and a fun way to engage your little one during travel. Reusable stickers are also great for the environment so you don't have to feel bad about waste. They are also small and easy to pack for any type of travel. Some of our favorites have many different colors and and shapes.A fidget toy can be helpful for a small amount of time, around 5 minutes at the most. The main thing to look for in a fidget toy is that it does not have small parts that can break off. Ideally it should also be a soft toy. This is not a top choice on the list because each fidget toy is different. The different designs can make it challenging to figure out which is going to a hit with your toddler. Safety for these also varies so you will need to really do some research before choosing a fidget toy that is appropriate for this age group. Here is our list of the best travel toys when traveling by plane with a 1 year old. Remember to bring several toys as each one will likely only provide 8 to 10 minutes of entertainment before you need to switch out the toys. Another great airplane toy is a coloring book. The beauty of the water color books is that they have special paper that makes color appear when it comes in contact with water. This activity is a little harder to do in the car seat. If your baby can't figure out how to play with it themselves they may become frustrated. This is probably best for plane or train travel. The Melissa & Doug book is the ideal size for travel and easily first on the tray table in front of you. Stacking blocks are a great plane ride toy because you can easily play with them on your tray table. Additionally, you do not need much room to store them since they stack within each other. Carrying them around is lightweight and an easy task. This fun travel toy can also be used for entertaining little kids in a hotel room or on the beach once you have reached your destination. A stuffed animal can always be a nice accompaniment on a long plane ride. It can not only give your baby something to play with on the ride, but can also be a nice place for your baby to put their head down if they want to take a nap. These are likely to be a little too bulky for your baby to use in their car seat. You should choose something that your baby is already comfortable with at home so they have a sense of familiarity in their environment during travel. This is a good choice for plane or train where you can actively be helping your child to sort shapes. This is more difficult to use in the car because your child will be in their car seat. If they happen to drop a shape you will not be able to retrieve if for them if you are in the front seat. In a plane or train, you can use the tray table to help them. Here are our favorite travel toys for car rides. These are best used when you don't have a lot of other people around, and your child making noise will not disturb other travelers. It is a good idea to have more than one car toy so that your little one can stay entertained for longer. The best car travel toys are those can the child can play with independently since you will most likely be sitting in the driver's seat or the passenger's seat. It is also a good idea to ensure that whatever you use does not have small parts that your child can bite or chew off. Books are an absolute must during long flights and long road trips. Musical board books are also a great option but may be more suitable for car travel rather than a long haul flight where noise may disturb your fellow passengers. 1 year olds love music and love being able to turn things on and off. The Ditty Bird Children's Songs book is a great choice because it features 6 popular nursery rhymes that kids of all ages will recognize. These include popular songs like Wheels On The Bus and Five Little Monkeys. This is one of the best road trip toys and is a hit with many 1 year olds.There are a handful of compact educational tablets that teach children different things using sounds and touch. Babies love to play with their little hands and get a reaction from their toy when they push a button. Because these toys can be noisy sometimes, they are best used for private car rides rather than when you are traveling with a plane or train full of people. These tablets are meant for young children so they don't have a place for headphones (not that your child will keep headphones in). Our favorite table is the Most 1 year olds are not very interested in screen time. This may keep them entertained for a few minutes but they are unlikely to stay entertained for long. Additionally, for some young children, watching TV or a screen up close while in a moving vehicle can cause nausea. The last thing you want on a long airplane ride is for your child to throw up or become sick. It may work as a last resort in some children. Additionally, if you are hoping that your baby naps during your journey then screen time will likely stimulate them more than you want. A one year old is too young to participate in or enjoy imaginative play. If your little one has an older sibling they may participate in this faster, but imaginative play in a 1 year old is not a great activity for entertaining them. Avoid toys that have messy colors or many small parts. The last thing you want to worry about when you are traveling is if your child has swallowed a piece of a baby travel toy. Excellent travel toys do not have small parts that can break off easily. Traveling is often very distracting so you want to have an easy way to entertain your child without having to worry too much. Card games are not a great choice for this age. Thought their small size may make them attractive, little minds are not going to be able to stay focused long enough to play card games. Additionally, card games can easily get lost or a card can go missing during travel. Use the suggestions above on our favourite travel toys. Some important things to keep in mind when looking for the perfect travel toy is safety, compact size and durability. Especially if you are traveling alone with your child you want to be sure that the travel toy has a compact design like the ones mentioned above. This will allow you to easily put things in your diaper bag leaving your hands free to manage your little one. Additionally, toys that have pieces that can easily be removed by a toddler's teeth are not a good idea. Traveling with a little one can be a stressful experience and you don't want to have a toy that your child could potentially choke on. Be sure that an adult is directly supervising your 1 year old while they are playing with anything that has the potential for being a choking hazard. Overall, a variety of travel toys will serve you well so that you can keep your little one entertained with travel toddler toys. 1 year old children tend to have a short attention span but also a short memory. This means you can rotate your favorite travel toys easily. Bring at least four or five toys on your travels so that you can get through it as seamlessly as possible. Traveling is already stressful so these amazing toys can really help to make it easier. 

PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility. During each menstrual cycle, the ovaries release an egg into the womb. This ovulation process occurs once a month. But women with PCOS fail to ovulate or ovulate infrequently, which means absent or irregular periods and difficulty getting pregnant. In women with PCOS, the ovaries develop multiple small follicles that appear as cysts, hence the term “polycystic.”  These cysts are immature ovarian follicles that failed to ovulate. Thus, most women discover they have PCOS when they try to get pregnant unsuccessfully.PCOS requires immediate medical attention because, in the long-run, it could lead to health risks, such as depression, high blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes to name a few. Getting treatment at the right time can reduce or prevent these risks. So, it is important that you know some symptoms of PCOS.While irregular periods and pregnancy failure are the most common signs of PCOS, you may experience random, unrelated symptoms as well. Since it mainly affects your hormones, women with PCOS may experience all or some of the following symptoms:1. Abnormal Hair Growth After puberty, if you experience heavy hair growth in uncommon body parts, including face, belly, chest, lower abdomen, and back, it could be a warning sign of PCOS. This condition is termed as Hirsutism. More than 70 percent of women with PCOS grow excessive hair on their body. Making the matter worse, excessive levels of male hormones have opposite effects on the scalp. That means it lleads to hair loss or thinning hair on the scalp, causing male-pattern baldness. 2. Excessive Weight GainWhen you have PCOS, our body has difficulty using the hormone insulin, causing insulin resistance. Insulin helps convert starches and sugars obtained from foods into energy. PCOS makes the body resistant to insulin. As a result, insulin, sugar, and glucose build up in the bloodstream.Combining this with high androgens levels leads to weight gain, especially around our abdomen and waist. That’s why women with PCOS have more of an apple body shape instead of peach shape. 3. Anxiety And DepressionAbout 40% women, particularly young girls, with PCOS experience anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Although there is less or no evidence supporting the direct connection between PCOS and depression, it could be due to the combination of several factors. For instance, one study shows that people with insulin resistance report frequent symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety.PCOS patients with anxiety may have lower levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, GABA and acetylcholine, thus worsening the situation.  4. Abnormal Oily Skin and Acne Problems Higher levels of androgens among women play an important role in acne development. It is because androgens cause sebaceous glands in the skin to produce an excessive oily substance called sebum. In order to produce the right amount of progesterone, testosterone, and oestrogen, our body depends on signals from the pituitary gland. PCOS interrupts these signals, leading to increased testosterone levels. It further enlarges sebaceous glands and the production of too much oily sebum. 5. Heavy Menstrual BleedingBlood clots during periods are normal. But, if you regularly and abnormally have blood clots the size of 10p piece or larger, it could be a warning sign of PCOS. PCOS also causes heavier blood flow during periods. It is because the uterine lining builds up for longer, causing periods heavier than normal. It can lead to other conditions, including anaemia, fatigue, and bleeding between periods.6. Irregular Menstrual BleedingIn addition to causing heavy menstrual bleeding, PCOS can also cause irregular periods as well as problems with fertility. To read more about PCOS and fertility, check out Femhealth's article on "Best Age To Get Pregnant With PCOS"First of all, see a doctor as soon as possible, especially if you’ve had difficulty getting pregnant, excessive hair growth, and diabetes symptoms. Next, make the necessary diet and lifestyle changes and get regular exercise.  

One of the most important doctor visits in pregnancy is when a patient’s glucose (blood sugar) is tested, which is also known as the gestational oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This test checks you to see if you are at risk of gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is extremely important to screen for because there are many complications and risks associated with it for both mother and baby.Trying to ‘trick’ the oral glucose tolerance by extended fasting to have a lower blood sugar test is not a good idea because, if a patient does in fact have gestational diabetes, identifying and treating it is very important. You should do your best to follow a healthy diet throughout pregnancy to try to avoid high blood sugars if possible. That being said, there are also foods that can cause false positive results, and you should avoid eating those right before the test. A false positive means that the one hour glucose test will say you have gestational diabete when you don't actually have it.If you're worried about the results, there are dietary recommendations to help maintain your blood sugar levels before the test. In the weeks and days leading up to the test, you should also try to consume more vegetables compared to foods  high in sugar. Snacks that are high in protein, low in fat and low in sugar and carbohydrates, like certain protein shakes, are also a quick and easy option. Fruits are only a good option if you choose fruits that are low in sugar. For example, berries are better than fruits like pineapples or mangoes, which have high sugar content.The most important thing, however, is to make sure you continue your healthy diet after your test and not just before it . High sugar levels in pregnancy can be very dangerous to your  pregnancy. Having gestational diabetes that is not treated could even result in pregnancy complications, such as high birth weights, shoulder dystocia (difficulty with passing the baby’s shoulder through the birth canal and getting stuck on the mother’s pubic bone), or even stillbirth.If you do not have risk factors for gestational diabetes, your doctor will test you for gestational diabetes when you are between 24 and 28 weeks of your pregnancy. You will have a blood test (taken usually from your arm and not invasive to your baby)to measure your fasting glucose level, then you will be given a sugary drink (50 grams of glucose). They will then draw your blood one hour after drinking the glucola drink. When figuring out what to eat during the days before the test, it's best to stick with nutrient-dense foods with complex carbohydrates and fiber. Also, remember to stay with your regular diet and don’t try to “trick” the test by switching to a whole new diet right before–the screen is very important to detect and risks that may be present. Here are some examples of recommended foods to eat throughout the duration of your pregnancy.It is important to be mindful of what you eat the morning of the 1 hour glucose tolerance test. Do not fast before the one hour glucose pregnancy test. You should eat something light that is high in protein and low in carbs. This is in contrast to the 3 hour glucose test because before this test you should be fasting for 8 to 12 hours before your blood is tested.You should not  have a high volume of foods with simple carbohydrates or foods that are high in sugar. This can cause your blood sugar levels to spike, leading to a false positive test result (shows you may have gestational diabetes when you truly do not). If you have a positive result on the first glucose tolerance test, your doctor will require that you return for a longer, more involved 3 hour glucose tolerance test. In order to get an accurate result, stick to foods that you normally would eat for dinner. This will provide the best data and most accurate result for your glucose test.The night before the glucose tolerance test, you should also avoid eating out in a restaurant. It is hard to know exactly how food is prepared and the exact sugar content of that food. Dining at home can be beneficial as you can be mindful of what you are putting in your body.Besides focusing on what to eat and what not to eat, you can also follow these extra tips when taking your glucose test:Eating these healthy foods won’t guarantee normal levels of blood sugar levels. When your body is already in gestational diabetes, then a change of diet won’t alter the test results. However, don't worr–y this is also common since our hormones can change a lot during pregnancy and there are ways to live with the condition.Don't become upset at yourself because of a positive glucose tolerance test. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then you can work with your doctor to help keep a healthier diet and an active lifestyle to manage it. In fact, if you do have gestational diabetes, it is important that it is accurately diagnosed. You don't want to try to "trick" the test. Gestational diabetes has serious implications for both mom and baby, and it is very important to treat it properly.The good news is that with good control, the negative impacts of gestational diabetes can be limited. Additionally, gestational diabetes in most patients will resolve after the birth of the baby. It is important to get your blood glucose levels checked once you give birth to ensure that your body's insulin response has adequately recovered and you will not have diabetes after pregnancy and delivery.Gestational diabetes happens when a pregnant woman’s body can’t regulate their glucose levels, resulting in high sugar levels. This happens due to hormones and weight gain from pregnancy. The glucose test for gestational diabetes is taken between your 6th to  8th month of pregnancy (around 24 to 28 weeks) if you haven’t already been diagnosed with diabetes. If you have a history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, however, you will be screened much earlier (usually before 14 weeks).There is no preparation before the 1 hour glucose test. When you get to the office, your doctor will give you a sweet drink which will cause your sugar levels to peak. After one hour, your blood will be drawn to see how your body reacts to the excess sugar in your body. If your body is able to handle the excess sugar, your blood draw will reflect that. If your body cannot handle the excess sugar, your blood sugar levels will be high and this will likely mean you have gestational diabetes.The glucose test during pregnancy is not a pleasant experience. Some patients may feel unwell during or after the test. There are a few reasons for feeling sick during a glucose test that you can read about here.Diet is crucial when pregnant, which can help regulate your hormones and maintain optimum health. Lessening food high in carbs and sugar can prevent or manage gestational diabetes, among other benefits. So, start referring to this list on what to eat and what to avoid so you can make the dietary changes now.Sources:Szmuilowicz ED, Josefson JL, Metzger BE. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019 Sep;48(3):479-493. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 Jun 18. PMID: 31345518; PMCID: PMC7008467.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345518/Rasmussen L, Poulsen CW, Kampmann U, Smedegaard SB, Ovesen PG, Fuglsang J. Diet and Healthy Lifestyle in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 6;12(10):3050. doi: 10.3390/nu12103050. PMID: 33036170; PMCID: PMC7599681.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33036170/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/gestational.htmlhttps://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/02/gestational-diabetes-mellitus

What is the optimal 9 month old sleep schedule? As you could have predicted a baby's sleep schedule is going to be different for each child. However, there are some general guidelines surrounding wake windows and sleep training that we will discuss that can be helpful. You can also find a sample sleep schedule below. Navigating the sleep schedule of a 9-month-old baby can be challenging for parents, as infants at this age undergo various developmental milestones affecting their sleep patterns. During this stage, babies are transitioning from a polyphasic sleep cycle with multiple naps throughout the day to a biphasic cycle. A biphasic cycle means that they have a more consolidated sleep which should ideally be at night. Having a consistent sleep schedule for your 9 month old can be helpful for the baby as well as for parents and caregivers. Additionally, if your 9 month old has older siblings, a sleep schedule can help to keep all children aligned. Having more predictable sleep schedule for your children can also allow you to get more sleep and help your child learn how to self soothe in the middle of the night.A consistent sleep schedule is essential for a 9-month-old infant's overall development, especially since their sleeping patterns play a significant role in their physical, cognitive, and emotional growth. Establishing a reliable sleep schedule can contribute to better nighttime sleep. One way to do this is to keep the sleep environment the same for daytime sleep and nighttime sleep. This way your baby always associated their crib with sleep and calming down. They will begin to feel comfortable there which will help self soothing at night. At nine months, babies generally sleep around 12 to 14 hours a day, with ideally 10 to 11 of those hours being at night. The remainder of the hours are usually divided into one morning nap and one afternoon nap.  Of course, sleep habits may vary considerably among infants due to factors such as temperament, family routines, and existing sleep associations. If your 9 month old takes a 3 hour nap in the middle of the day, then it is unlikely that they will take a second one before night time sleep.If there are other children in the home, your 9 month old may be excited and have awake times that are more similar to their older siblings. If you sense that your baby is becoming cranky and is over stimulated, it is a good idea to take them into a calm environment away from other children to see if they will fall asleep.Proper sleep aids in crucial processes like memory consolidation, and strengthens the immune system. Moreover, a good sleeping pattern can improve an infant's attention span, overall mood, and reduce the chances of developing sleep problems later in life.A structured sleep schedule for a 9-month-old can benefit the entire family. Parents, especially mothers, experience less stress and improved mental health when their infants have a predictable sleeping routine. This is evidenced by a randomized trial conducted in Victoria that observed a reduction in the prevalence of reported postpartum depressive symptoms among mothers with predictable infant sleep schedules.Bedtime routines also help with reinforcing consistency and creating your baby's sleep habits. The association of the same routine night after night with sleep will help your baby realize that sleep time is approaching. Certain activities like the ones discussed below are also soothing and calming. These are better to do than giving your child screen time or outdoor play right before bed. A warm bath for your baby can help them relax and signal to them that bedtime is approaching. Make sure the water temperature is comfortable, and use gentle baby soap or bubble bath. Bathtime can also serve as a bonding experience between the baby and the caregiver. After the bath, dry your baby gently and dress them in comfortable sleepwear.Bedtime is a great time for reading. Storytelling can help calm their mind and enhance their cognitive development. Choose age-appropriate books or stories that feature soothing colors and simple narratives. This activity also helps build a connection between you and your baby while providing them with a sense of security.Soothing activities can help your baby settle down before sleep. For example, a gentle massage of your babies legs and feet may help them to calm down. You can also play calming music or sing to your child. It is also important to create a soothing environment with dim lighting and little noise. Some babies also respond well to a white noise machine to block out any distracting sounds. You will quickly learn what helps to calm your baby's energy levels and where their sweet spot is for falling asleep.To create an ideal sleep environment for a 9-month-old, a dark and quiet room is essential. As infants are still developing their circadian rhythms, exposure to darkness during sleep time can help regulate their sleep patterns better 1. To achieve this, install blackout curtains or shades in the baby's room to block out any light pollution. Additionally, consider using a white noise machine or a fan to drown out any background sounds that may startle or disturb the baby's sleep.Another critical element in creating a conducive sleep environment is maintaining a comfortable room temperature. Research suggests that the ideal sleep temperature for infants is between 65°F (18°C) and 72°F (22°C) 2. To ensure the baby is neither too hot nor too cold, monitor room temperature and adjust accordingly. Dressing the baby in light layers is also helpful, as it allows for easy adjustments when needed.Your baby's sleep area should not have any screens. Exposure to screens and their emitted blue light can interfere with the natural production of melatonin in infants. This can potentially disrupting their sleep 3. To minimize this risk, avoid placing any screens such as TVs, computers, or smartphones in the baby's room or ensure they are turned off well before bedtime. It is better to focus on soothing activities like reading or singing a lullaby to help the baby relax and drift off to sleep.At around 9 months old, most infants typically transition from three naps to two naps per day. This usually comprises one nap in the morning and another in the afternoon. Maintaining a consistent daytime sleep schedule can help promote better sleep at night and promote overall sleep quality.A 9-month-old's naps can vary in duration, with some babies sleeping for 1 to 1.5 hours per nap, while others may nap for up to 2 hours. It is crucial to observe your baby's sleep patterns and adjust nap durations accordingly to suit their individual needs. Adapting to their sleep cues, such as yawning or rubbing eyes, can help in establishing an effective naptime routine.Try to keep the wake windows between naps to around 3 hours. The exception to this is after the last nap of the day. One tactic parents use to help their baby get more nighttime sleep is by stretching the wake window to 4 or 4.5 hours between the afternoon nap and bedtime. Now, not all children can do this and they may become very fussy around the 3.5 hours mark. Trying to entertain them and keep them engaged can help to stretch this window a bit longer. At this age, a healthy balance between awake time and sleep is essential for your baby's growth and development. Infants usually need approximately 12 to 16 hours of sleep, including nighttime sleep and naps, in a 24-hour period. The appropriate wake time for a 9-month-old is generally 2.5 to 3.5 hours between naps. Keeping a sleep journal or tracking app may assist in finding the optimal balance between your baby's awake and asleep times, ensuring they feel well-rested and alert during their waking hours.Now you can make any schedule you want, but it's not certain that your 9 month old is going to follow it. There are many potential causes for disruption to your 9 month old's sleep schedule, so it's best to be prepared ahead of time. At around 9 months, infants experience a period of rapid growth and development. They may begin to crawl, sit up independently, and even attempt to stand. These developmental milestones can lead to potential sleep challenges as the child's increased physical activity and cognitive stimulation can cause them difficulty in settling down for sleep. Infants learning to crawl may be more inclined to practice this skill in the crib, leading to restlessness and disrupted sleep. As they begin to sit up and stand, they might struggle with figuring out how to lie back down, further disrupting sleep.It is very likely that your child will have some teeth coming in around 9 months. This pain can disrupt your sleeping baby and also make it harder for them to fall asleep. Even babies who are great sleepers can be woken up from the pain of teething. The upper central incisors come in usually between 8 to 12 months. Then the upper lateral incisors come in between 9 to 13 months old. Having a good teether can help to make your little one more comfortable.Another challenge during this period is separation anxiety A 9-month-old may develop a heightened awareness of their caregiver's absence and become distressed when they are not nearby. This may result in difficulty falling asleep independently, because your child may want and need comfort from you. It is essential to establish a consistent bedtime routine and provide reassurance to the child as they learn to self-soothe and fall asleep on their own.Sleep regressions can also occur around the 9-month mark. Luckily it is a temporary stage where a child's sleep patterns may become disrupted. If your child is going through a sleep regression, they may have a change in their nap schedule as well as their hours of nighttime sleep. They could have early morning wakings, increased night wakings and difficulty staying asleep. Consistency here again is going to be the best thing you can do. It will be much harder though to keep consistency in your daily routine if your baby has decided they don't want to stick to that routine. Give yourself grace and remember that with some time and age, your baby will begin to sleep better. There are also several sleep training methods you can try at this age such as the Ferber Method to help you achieve longer periods of sleep. Remember to talk to your child's pediatrician for any ongoing sleep challenges or concerns. By understanding the potential sleep challenges faced by a 9-month-old, caregivers can better support their child's sleep needs during this crucial developmental period.It is natural for parents to experience challenges with their 9-month-old's sleep schedule. However, there are instances when seeking professional help may be necessary. Knowing when to reach out for expert guidance is important for the well-being of the child and the family.Difficulty with sleep patterns might be a reason for concern if consistent disruptions persist, affecting their day-to-day lives. For example, if a child experiences frequent night waking or trouble falling asleep that impacts their overall development. In such cases, the assistance of a sleep consultant or pediatrician is recommended.Another scenario where professional help should be sought is if there are signs of a sleep disorder. Common sleep disorders in infants include sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder. These conditions involve abnormal movement, breathing problems, or disruption in sleep quality and duration. If parents suspect their infant is experiencing symptoms related to a sleep disorder, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.630 AM: Wake Up645 AM: Breast Milk / Formula800 AM Solid Foods845 AM: Breast Milk / Formula900 AM Nap for 90 minutes1030 Wake up & Play1200 Noon:  lunch1245 pm Breast milk / Formula1 pm Nap for 90 minutes230 wake up & play330 Breast milk / Formula5 pm Solid Foods6 Pm Start Bedtime Routine645 PM: Breast Milk / Formula7 PM SleepImplementing a consistent sleep schedule for a 9-month-old infant not only supports their healthy development but also promotes a better quality of life for the entire family. By 9 months, the baby's circadian rhythm has developed. Parents and caregivers can support healthy sleep habits through various strategies, such as creating a calming bedtime routine, maintaining a consistent sleep environment, and being aware of any potential disruptions to sleep.In addition to nighttime sleep, it is important to consider the role of daytime naps in a 9-month-old's sleep schedule. Proper nap duration and timing can contribute to a more restful night's sleep and support the child's overall development. Be sure to have at least a 3.5 hour to 4 hour wake window before night sleep to helpyour baby have a longer stretch of sleep at night.You can also view the sample schedule above to help you make a plan.Ultimately, a well-balanced sleep schedule at 9 months of age leads to improved temperament, cognitive function, and physical growth. By providing a supportive and nurturing sleep environment, parents and caregivers can help pave the way for healthy sleep habits throughout the child's life.Sources:

Do tampons leak? Yes, tampons can leak and period leakage can be very frustrating. Luckily, there are ways to avoid this. Let's take a look at how to best use tampons for a comfortable experience. Tampons are a popular choice for menstrual management, providing a discreet and comfortable option for many individuals during their period. However, some people may experience tampon leaks. This can be both frustrating and embarrassing. There are several factors that can contribute to this issue, and understanding the causes can help in finding ways to prevent leaks and ensure a more comfortable experience.One common reason for tampon leaks is using the wrong size or absorbency level for one's menstrual flow. Tampons come in various sizes and absorbency levels to accommodate the range of flow volumes typically experienced during a menstrual cycle. Selecting the appropriate tampon based on one's flow can greatly reduce the chances of leakage. Additionally, it is important to change tampons regularly, ideally every 4-6 hours, to avoid saturation and potential leaks.Another factor contributing to tampon leaks is improper insertion or positioning. It is important to push the tampon in far enough through the vaginal opening to get a good position. However, it is important to still have enough of the tampon string available for removal. You do not want to push the tampon in so far that you can't easily access the tampon string. On the other hand, if the tampon is only halfway into the vaginal canal, it may leak. If it is your first time using a tampon, consider using additional menstrual products as back up. This means also using a pad or period underwear, or both (a menstrual pad secured to your period underwear). Especially on your heaviest day, using multiple menstrual products can be a great option. If the tampon's absorbency is too low for your flow, it will become saturated quickly and may leak. It is essential to change your tampon every 4-6 hours to minimize the risk of leakage, and consider changing to a higher absorbency if you're experiencing leaking before 4 hours. If you are wearing a regular tampon, consider using super-absorbency tampons, especially for heavy flow days. Remember it is important to not leave these in longer than 6 hours even if you are not leaking with them. A tampon is designed to absorb menstrual fluid by expanding as it becomes saturated. This expansion allows the tampon to fit snugly within the vagina, preventing leaks. Tampons are typically made from a combination of rayon and cotton, which is highly absorbent and can hold several times its weight in fluid. The tampons are available in various absorbencies, such as light, regular, and super, to accommodate the varying menstrual flows of different individuals.When it's time to change your tampon, simply pull on the string to remove it. Always be sure to change your tampon at least every 4-6 hours or when you begin to notice leakage to reduce any risk of toxic shock syndrome and maintain better menstrual hygiene.Along with the size of the tampon, absorbency levels play a significant role in preventing leaks. Typically, a leaky tampon means it was left in for too long or the wrong absorbency was used. It's advised to change a tampon every 4 to 6 hours and adjust the absorbency according to your flow. If you are using a tampon during your first period you may want to start with the light absorbency. These tampons tend to be thinner and may be easier for first time insertion. Monitor your flow by frequent visits to the bathroom to make sure you aren't leaking or by using a backup menstrual pad or period underwear. Here's a general guideline on tampon absorbency levels:Keep in mind that an individual's flow can vary throughout their period. You may need to adjust the tampon absorbency levels according to your flow. By selecting the right tampon size and absorbency level, one can avoid discomfort and leaks, making their period experience more manageable.Using proper tampon insertion techniques is crucial for tampons to be both effective and comfortable. Start by selecting a tampon with the appropriate absorbency for your flow, which may change throughout the duration of your period. To insert a tampon correctly, follow these steps:Pictures or diagrams of tampon insertion may also be helpful.To avoid leaks and possible health issues, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), it is essential to change tampons regularly. Tampons should be replaced every 4-6 hours regardless of absorbency. However, if you experience leakage before this time frame, consider opting for a higher absorbency tampon.Keep track of tampon usage by:By adhering to proper insertion techniques and regular changing intervals, tampon users can decrease the likelihood of leaks and promote overall period health.The best way to deal with a tampon leak is to have extra protection available. Using additional products with tampons can help. If it is only a small amount of blood that is leaking, using a panty liner may be good enough. For more significant leaks, check out the suggestions below. Period underwear is designed specifically to absorb menstrual blood. It may be a good idea to use them in addition to tampons. These specially designed underwear have built-in, absorbent layers and can either be worn alone or as a backup to other menstrual hygiene products. Many companies that produce period underwear offer various absorbencies to suit different requirements, ranging from light to heavy flow. Some notable benefits of period underwear are that they are reusable. This makes period underwear an eco-friendly choice. Depending on your flow they can help to provide long-lasting protection alongside a tampon. One potential downside is that the upfront cost for period underwear can be higher than for disposable products. The good news is that they are worth the investment because of their reusability and durability.​On heavier days you can also use a menstrual pad in addition to a tampon. Sometimes a thin maxi pad may be enough for a small period blood leak. It may give you just enough time to realize you have a leak and get to the bathroom. You can use a menstrual pad inside period underwear as well but you may not need to do this if you think you will be able to get to a private place fast enough to change out your menstrual products. Overnight pads tend to be very thick and can provide extra protection, but each person's comfort level with these can vary. Some overnight pads are thin but others can be very thick and somewhat uncomfortable. It's essential to be aware of the signs that indicate your tampon is full and needs to be changed. Changing your tampon every 4 to 6 hours is typically recommended, but you should change it more often if you notice any of the following signs:To prevent tampon leaking, it's important to choose the correct absorbency and adjust it based on your flow during your period. If you find yourself having to change your tampon frequently within 4 hours, consider using a higher absorbency tampon to better suit your flow. Always remember to practice good hygiene and change your tampon regularly to reduce the risk of infection.Menstrual cups are a popular alternative to tampons. They are bell-shaped silicone or rubber cups that are inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual blood. Menstrual cups can be used for up to 12 hours, and they are reusable, making them an environmentally friendly choice. Some advantages of menstrual cups include their cost-effectiveness, as they can last for several years, and their lower risk of causing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) compared to tampons. However, there may be a learning curve to using them properly. In the beginning, they can be messier than you anticipated. Tampons do leak on occasion for many people. Ensuring that the tampon is inserted correctly and sits in the right position in the vagina can help prevent leaks. Using the right type of tampon for your heavier period days can also be helpful. Remember to change tampons at least every 4 to 6 hours for hygiene as well as to prevent leaks. Practicing proper insertion techniques, following guidelines provided by the tampon manufacturer. Remember to be patient while getting used to using tampons. You can use period undies or a menstrual pad or both to help if you have a very heavy period. Even though a super tampon can be helpful for extra heavy flow, it is important to not leave a super-absorbent tampon in too long. Always keep a spare pair of underwear and pants if needed if it is your first period or you are still getting comfortable with tampon usage. 

Storing breast milk properly is important for the health and well-being of infants. Proper breast milk storage preserves the human milk's nutritional content and prevents spoilage. Many mothers find printable breast milk storage charts incredibly useful. These charts offer a convenient reference to help them adhere to proper storage guidelines. This article offers a free printable breast milk storage chart along with helpful information on how to properly store breast milk and know if or when breast milk has gone bad.With a comprehensive storage chart, parents can easily identify the optimal storage duration and methods for breast milk at various temperatures, enabling them to maintain the highest quality milk for their babies.When it comes to storing breast milk, it's essential to know the correct storage guidelines to avoid wastage and ensure that the milk remains safe and nutritious for your baby. A breast milk storage chart printable is a helpful tool that simplifies these guidelines and can be easily referred to whenever needed.The storage chart includes information on various storage parameters, such as room temperature, refrigerator, freezer, and thawed milk. Here are breast milk storage guidelines that you can print for yourself and for any caretakers of breastfed infants.Keep in mind that these human milk storage guidelines may vary slightly for premature infants or babies with specific medical conditions. The best way to get tailored recommendations for the health of your baby is to discuss with your pediatrician.Besides the storage chart, it's important to follow best practices when storing breast milk. Here are some breast milk storage tips to remember:At room temperature, freshly expressed or pumped breast milk can be stored safely for up to 4 hours. Especially if the baby's next feeding is within 4 hours, you can give them fresh breast milk rather than having to put it away in breastmilk storage bags. Just leave the expressed or pumped milk in the collection container that comes with your electric pump. Fresh milk is typically warm milk and doesn't need to be heated before giving to your baby.When storing breast milk in a refrigerator, keep it at a temperature of 4°C (40°F) or cooler. It can be stored in the fridge for up to 4 days, although it is optimal to use or freeze the milk within 3 days (Mayo Clinic). Store the milk in the back of the refrigerator to avoid temperature fluctuations in the front or on the door.Breast milk can be stored in a standard freezer at a temperature of -18°C (0°F) or colder. In these conditions, the milk can be safely frozen for up to 6 months. However, it's best to use the milk within this timeframe for optimal nutrient content (CDC Guidelines).For longer storage, a deep freezer set at -20°C (-4°F) or colder can be utilized. In this case, freshly expressed breast milk can be stored for up to 12 months. However, it is still best to use the milk within 6 months to preserve its nutritional value (CDC Guidelines).To thaw frozen breast milk, place it in the refrigerator overnight or under cool running water until thawed. Avoid using a microwave or placing the milk in boiling water, as this can create hot spots and destroy nutrients. Once thawed, the milk can be gently warmed in a container of warm water, and it should be consumed within 24 hours (Medela).In the case of a power outage, begin to think of a back up plan for what you may be able to do to preserve your breast milk stash. The last thing you want is for all your milk supply to be wasted during the period of time when you may not have power. The first step is do not open the freezer. The more you open and close the freezer and allow warm air in, the faster your liquid gold will thaw. In most cases, power will come back in a few hours and if the freezer is cold enough and has not been opened, it is unlikely that your milk unfreezes. If its been over an hour, call a friend and see if they have power or a way to store your milk. You can also purchase ice from a local gas station and put it in a cooler as well. Finally, check online to see when the power will be returning so you know how much time you have before your freezer stash begins to thaw. Depending on how much milk you have to store, you will need to plan accordingly.Freshly expressed breast milk can be stored safely for varying times depending on the storage conditions. It is generally safe to store breast milk in the back of the refrigerator for up to four days, but it is optimal to use or freeze the milk within three days. In a deep freezer, breast milk can last up to 12 months; however, using it within six months is preferable for maintaining optimal nutrition content, especially vitamin C (Mayo Clinic).It is important to use appropriate storage containers for preserving the quality of breast milk. Containers specifically designed for breast milk storage should be used. These include glass or BPA-free plastic containers with tight-fitting lids, as well as breast milk storage bags. Avoid harmful substances like bisphenol A (BPA) in plastic containers and storing milk in disposable bottle liners or regular plastic bags as they can easily leak It is essential to place the breast milk in a clean, food-grade container with a tightly fitting lid. Avoid containers made of BPA-containing plastics, usually marked with the recycle symbol number 7 (CDC).Proper handling and labeling of breast milk contribute to maintaining its quality. Ensure cleanliness while expressing and storing milk. Wash hands before handling, and use clean containers and breast pump parts. Label the containers with the date the milk was expressed to track its freshness (CDC).Thawing and heating breast milk appropriately helps preserve its nutrients. Avoid microwaving breast milk, as this may destroy nutrients, create hot spots, and lead to uneven heating that can burn the baby's mouth. Instead, thaw milk using lukewarm running water, or by placing it in a container of lukewarm water or in the refrigerator overnight (CDC).It's essential to know when stored breast milk has gone bad. Some indications of spoiled breast milk include a sour smell or taste, separation of fat that does not combine when shaken, and clumps or chunks in the milk. When giving previously frozen milk, use the oldest milk first. If your baby rejects the milk or refuses to drink it, this could be a sign of excess lipase or that the milk tastes bad. Always inspect and smell the milk before feeding your baby to ensure its freshness. Maintaining proper hygiene is crucial while handling breast milk. Ensure that you wash your hands before expressing or handling breast milk. Always use clean, food-grade containers made of glass or plastic with tight-fitting lids for storage. Avoid plastic containers with the recycle symbol number 7, as they may contain BPA (CDC). Sterilize the breast pump and storage containers regularly to prevent contamination.It's important to discard unused breast milk if it has been left at room temperature for more than 6 hours or if the baby has not finished a feeding within 2 hours of starting. Additionally, breast milk thawed in the refrigerator should be discarded after 24 hours and should not be refrozen.When transporting stored breast milk, use an insulated cooler with ice packs to maintain the appropriate temperature. At room temperature, freshly expressed breast milk can be safely stored for up to 6 hours, but it's optimal to use or transfer it to proper storage within 4 hours, especially in warm environments. In a refrigerator, breast milk can be stored for up to 3 days, and for up to 6 months in a freezer (CDC).Being a new parent can be overwhelming. Breastmilk storage guidelines are important to know but hard to remember. Breast milk storage charts provide information on important aspects, such as ideal storage containers, the maximum time for which milk can be stored, and the recommended ways to thaw and warm frozen or refrigerated milk. This information is crucial for maintaining the milk's safety and efficacy, as improper handling can lead to the loss of valuable nutrients or the growth of harmful bacteria. By following the guidelines presented on a printable breast milk storage chart, parents can ensure they are providing their babies with the best possible nutrition from expressed milk.Printing the above chart can help you have one less thing to remember. In addition, the Academy Of Breastfeeding Medicine and the CDC both provide human milk storage information as can your doctor. Breast milk whether it is fresh breast milk or breast milk that has been frozen, is a great way to provide your baby with nutrients and disease fighting antibodies. Storing it properly is important for the health of your child.

Acne is common, it occurs in most people to some degree at some point in their lives. However, you may notice that it happens mostly during puberty and times of stress or other changes, such as before periods, during pregnancy or during or after menopause. This is likely to be hormonal acne.  Hormonal acne happens because your hormone levels are rising or fluctuating, which affects your skin health and cell activity. How can you treat it properly? Read on to find out! Hormonal acne is exactly what it sounds like, which is acne connected to hormone fluctuations. It’s usually associated with hormone fluctuations in puberty, though it can affect adults throughout any age, especially in women. Various factors contribute to hormonal acne, particularly menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. There may also be underlying medical conditions that affect your hormone levels as well, thus causing acne. During puberty, hormonal acne might appear around your forehead, nose, and/or chin. In hormonal adult acne, it usually forms on the lower area of your face, such as around your jawline or cheeks.  The symptoms of hormonal acne include seeing whiteheads, blackheads, cysts, nodules, papule, or pustules around your face. There may also be lesions on your face other parts of your body, such as the neck, back, chest, and shoulders.The hormonal acne can be mild, moderate, or severe, with the intensity depending on various factors such as genetics, diet, environment, as well as the way you care for your skin.              •           Menstruation            •           Menopause            •           Increased androgen levels            •           Polycystic ovarian syndrome When hormone levels fluctuate, it aggravates acne issues as it increases skin inflammation, oil/sebum production in your pores, clog skin cells around the hair follicles and even increases the production of acne-causing bacteria. Hormonal acne IS treatable and can be prevented with the right tips and products. Here are some ways you can manage hormonal acne regardless of your age:Hormonal acne is irritating, but treatable with the right knowledge and tips. The timeline differs from person to person, but if you use the right treatments, it can take 8-10 weeks to lessen acne and prevent it from coming back.If your hormonal acne persists and worsens, do talk with your doctor for a long-term treatment plan for better results.

Stretching for round ligament pain can be very helpful to provide relief in pregnancy. Read below for some simple stretches you can try at home.Round ligament uterus pain occurs in pregnant women most commonly in the third trimester. It can have a range of symptoms from a sharp pain (lightening crotch), or even a dull ache in the lower abdomen. The round ligament is a connection between the uterus and the groin. As your belly grows, especially during the second trimester of pregnancy, this can be the start of round ligament pain. Sudden movements like twisting, coughing, or sneezing can aggravate this area of the body. Thus, exercises for round ligament pain relief focus on the pelvic area and make you able to tolerate movement better. It is unfortunately a very common pregnancy symptom, but the good news is that in addition to gentle stretching, there are many different things you can do to feel better.Round ligament pain in pregnancy can be improved by the following yoga exercises which focus on the pelvic area of the body. Because the round ligaments stretch in the second half of pregnancy, even normal activities can aggravate the pain. Quick movements especially can cause shooting pains. Here are some of the stretches that can help you find pain relief for the groin area. Start by sitting upright on a firm surface. With good posture, place the soles of your feet together. Pulse your legs up and down, like the wings of a butterfly, until you feel a stretch in your inner thighs. For a deeper stretch, you can have a partner place their hands on your knees for resistance. Start with your hands and knees on the floor with your shoulders directly over your wrists, and your hips directly over your knees. While breathing in, drop your stomach down so that your back arches and your face looks slightly up. This is called the cow position. While breathing out, round your upper back, and allow your head to drop and face your belly. This is called the cat position. You should do this stretch at a slow pace for at least one minute. Then, take a break and then repeat it 2 to 3 times. (Pictured above)You can do this exercise after you have done the Cat-Cow stretch since you will already be in the correct starting position. From all fours, extend your right leg back, press your heel back, and then gently lift your leg up. You can hold this position for 5 to 7 seconds and then repeat. Finally, switch sides and perform the same stretch with repetition.Start by lying on your back, and then bend your knees bent but keep your feet flat on the floor. Inhale deeply and tighten your abdominal muscles. While holding your breath and your abdominal muscles, push the small of your back into the floor. Hold this position while breathing out for 5 to 7 seconds. Repeat this exercise for 1 to 2 minutes.Usually, the Savasana pose in yoga practice is done lying on your back. As your pregnancy progresses, lying on your back can not only be uncomfortable, it can potentially cause issues as the growing uterus can put weight on the blood vessels that lead to your heart. For this reason, lying on your side, especially later in pregnancy is a better option. Lying on your left side, tuck your left arm beneath your head to provide a cushion. Place a pillow between your legs and flex your hips. You can also close your eyes if you choose to and breathe deeply to help eliminate any tension from your body. You can lie in this position for several minutes, and repeat this throughout the day. This gentle stretch targets the hip flexors and lower back, providing relief for round ligament pain. First, lie on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Then, gently bring one knee towards your chest, holding it with both hands. Hold this for 15-30 seconds, then slowly release and switch legs.This stretch targets the lower back, hips, and hamstrings, helping relieve round ligament pain. Sit on the floor with your legs extended in front of you. Lean forward slowly, reaching towards your toes, while keeping your back straight. Hold the stretch for 15-30 seconds, then release.Remember to consult your healthcare provider before starting any new stretches or exercises during pregnancy. Listen to your body and only perform stretches that feel comfortable and do not cause pain.In addition to stretching, there are other things you can try to help relieve round ligament pain.Using a heating pad to the affected area can help relax tight ligaments and muscles, providing relief from round ligament pain. A warm towel can also be used to gently heat the area for 10-15 minutes a few times a day. Many patients also find that using a hot water bottle is easy and convenient, or taking a warm bath.Gentle massage around the affected area can help relax the muscles and ligaments, and improve blood circulation. You can either self-massage or ask your partner to help, using slow, circular motions with gentle pressure for a few minutes daily.Maintaining proper posture and body mechanics can help prevent round ligament pain by reducing stress on the ligaments. Avoid sudden movements, lift with your legs instead of your back, and maintain proper sitting posture with back support. For some women a maternity belt or support band to fasten under the baby bump can also be very helpful.For mild round ligament pain, over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen can be taken, as long as your healthcare provider approves. However, avoid using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin during pregnancy, as they can pose risks to both you and your baby.If you are having constant severe pain and also having a difficult time relieving your round ligament pain, it is very important to see a doctor. The following symptoms may indicate that your pain may be from something more serious:Remember, it's always better to err on the side of caution when pregnant. If in doubt or worried about the pain, contact your doctor for guidance.Due to the round ligament pain location on the side of your uterus, exercises for this discomfort focus on the pelvic area of your body. There are several prenatal yoga stretches and poses that you can try to help to relieve round ligament pain. You will also want to avoid quick movements or sudden physical activity. Be sure to change positions slowly and with ease to protect the hip area. Applying some heat can also help pregnant people who are experiencing this. Round ligament pain is very common and is a fairly normal part of pregnancy. It is a good idea to chat with your doctor if round ligament pain is constant or severe as this could be a symptom of something more serious. 

If you are newly pregnant or approaching your due date, you should know that there are many breastfeeding benefits. Here are 8 science-based benefits to breastfeeding for mom and baby. Breastfeeding is associated with a 24% lower risk of invasive ovarian cancer. According to this study, if you have ever breastfed in your life, this was associated with a reduction in risk of all invasive ovarian cancers. Breastfeeding for longer durations showed an even greater reduction in ovarian cancer risk. Women who breastfed for less than 3 months had an 18% reduced risk and those who breastfed for 12 or more months had a 34% reduced risk. There is evidence that exclusively breastfeeding your infant for 3 to 4 months can decrease the risk of eczema in the first 2 years of their life. Breastmilk has unique immune factors that are protective against inflammation and allergies. These natural antibodies are not found in soy, cow’s milk, or any other formula. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects women in much larger proportions. It affects the central nervous system. Breastfeeding could have protective effects against this sometimes disease. According to a study from the American Academy of Neurology, mothers who breastfeed for 15+ months are 53% less likely to suffer from MS.Breastfeeding may reduce the baby’s risk of developing many diseases and illnesses. These diseases include middle ear infections, respiratory tract infections, and gut infections. Breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from illnesses (intestinal tissue damage, diabetes, childhood leukemia and celiac disease) when compared to formula-fed babies.Babies who are breastfed or are fed expressed breastmilk are at lower risk for SIDS compared to babies who were never fed breastmilk. According to research, the longer you exclusively breastfeed your baby (meaning not supplementing with formula or solid food), the lower their risk of SIDS.During pregnancy, the uterus expands its size from that of a pear to filling the entire abdomen space. After delivery, it undergoes a process called involution. Involution helps the uterus return to its standard size. Oxytocin hormone helps drive this process. Women's bodies secrete a high amount of Oxytocin during breastfeeding. It reduces bleeding by uterine contractions so that the uterus returns to its previous size. Researchers report that mothers who breastfeed have a faster involution process. Breastfeeding pauses ovulation and menstruation so you can be free of your period for some time. When your period (and ovulation) will return is largely dependent on how often you are breastfeeding and is very personal. You are more likely to not have a period if the only form of nutrition your baby gets is breast milk. Keep in mind that while it is unlikely to get pregnant while breastfeeding, it can still happen, especially because ovulation will happen before your period arrives. If you are sexually active and not prepared for another pregnancy, be sure to talk to your doctor about birth control that is safe to use while breastfeeding. A study conducted by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors revealed that breastfeeding women have a lower risk of breast cancer. The study compared breastfeeding mothers to mothers who didn't breastfeed, to reach this conclusion.  Breastmilk has amazing benefits, both for the mother and the baby including reduced risk of diseases like breast cancer, ovarian cancer, ear infections, and eczema. It can also save time and money and is a chance to bond with your newborn. Not all persons are able to exclusively breastfeed. Any amount of breast milk that you are able to give your baby is beneficial to your baby - whether you are feeding it directly from the breast or you are pumping milk and bottle feeding it to your baby. While breastfeeding and breast milk should be strongly considered as a first option when possible, formula is safe and will provide your baby with all the required nutrients.  

You may have seen videos on social media circulating about asking doctors to prescribe Ozempic for weight loss. Ozempic is a drug used to treat diabetes. In December of 2017, Ozempic has been approved by the FDA for blood sugar control in Type II diabetes, as well as to decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in those who have both Type II diabetes & established heart disease. Does it actually work, and is it safe? Ozempic is a medication primarily made up of semaglutide. Semaglutide is a pharmaceutical that mimics a hormone called glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1). When you eat food that gets broken down into glucose, the gut will sense the glucose that’s been added to your body and release the hormone GLP-1, which stimulates the release of insulin from your pancreas. In people with Type II Diabetes, this process doesn’t work properly. So, taking Ozempic would help them with insulin production since it gives patients the GLP-1 boost they need. GLP-1 agonist medications also increase satiety when eating. This means that the drugs help your gut to quickly send a message to your brain telling your brain that you are full when eating. This also helps with weight loss since people who feel fuller faster tend to eat less overall.Wegovy is another medication primarily made up of semaglutide. It’s made by the same company that made Ozempic, but it was FDA-approved in June 2021 specifically for weight loss. Ozempic is still primarily a diabetes drug. The Wegovy dosage starts out lower but is gradually increased over 16-20 weeks to the maximum dosage of 2.4mg once weekly. This gradual increase is to lessen the likelihood of gastrointestinal side effects.Per the FDA, adults without diabetes who took Wegovy for 68 weeks lost an average of 12.4% of their initial body weight compared to individuals who received no drug at all (placebo). Adults with Type II diabetes who took Wegovy lost 6.2% of their initial body weight compared to those people who received placebo.Trulicity (dulaglutide) and Ozempic (semaglutide) are both GLP-1 agonists and are approved to treat Type 2 diabetes. In trials (Trial Name: SUSTAIN 7), semaglutide was found to be superior to dulaglutide in the areas of glucose control, Hemoglobin A1C levels, and weight loss. This is why further studies were done for weight loss with semaglutide, and then, Wegovy was approved for weight loss. Ozempic is technically only approved for use in persons with Diabetes Type 2.Mounjaro is the brand name of a new medication called trizepatide which is the first in its class of drugs. It not only activates the GLP-1 receptors like semaglutide does, but it also activates the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. When you eat food and it is broken down and sent to the gut, the gut’s enteric lining is stimulated to release GIP. GIP then binds the GIP receptors on pancreatic beta cells, which stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin. GIP also plays a role in obesity, since the inhibition of endogenous GIP has been found to make the body spend more energy, causing weight loss. Since Mounjaro acts on these receptors as well, it can assist with weight loss in addition to diabetes management.Ozempic & Wegovy both should not be used in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia type II due to the potential risk of thyroid C-cell tumors. They both also come with potential risks of pancreatitis, gallstones, acute kidney injury, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Wegovy also has risks of diabetic retinopathy and suicidal thoughts, while Ozempic has risks of worsening gastroparesis and inflammatory bowel disease. Overall, however, they tend to be well tolerated and any GI side effects usually resolve in a day. Sources: Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Rosenstock J, Tran MTD, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Zeuthen N, Kushner RF; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567185.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/Fukuda M. The Role of GIP Receptor in the CNS for the Pathogenesis of Obesity. Diabetes. 2021 Sep;70(9):1929-1937. doi: 10.2337/dbi21-0001. Epub 2021 Jun 27. PMID: 34176784; PMCID: PMC8576424.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8576424/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-dual-targeted-treatment-type-2-diabeteshttps://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first-2014

Pregnancy compression socks are essential. This is because your legs need to withstand a lot of pressure during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and growth of the womb. Because your body produces nearly 50% more body fluid when you're pregnant, lower leg swelling is a common condition that can lead to pain and discomfort. Especially during the third trimester, the extra fluid can cause severe swelling, leg pain, and even shin splints. Maternity compression socks are great to use on a daily basis to help promote blood flow and reduce venous insufficiency. Compression socks during pregnancy can prevent tension and heaviness in the legs. It can also help to alleviate skin stretching which can also be extremely uncomfortable. Wearing compression socks during pregnancy can help with this discomfort by pushing fluid out of the lower legs and they can promote better blood circulation in the legs. Keep reading to check out our top picks for compression socks for pregnancy-related swelling.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pregnant women have a five times increased risk of blood clots than nonpregnant women. The blood in the pregnant woman is more inclined to clot. This is thought to provide defense against losing too much blood during labor. Leg tension and swelling are signs of possible deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This very serious condition requires immediate medical attention. If you are a pregnant woman going on a long-haul flight then it is even more important to have better circulation in your lower limbs. DVT symptoms include painful swelling, discolored skin, redness, and a feeling of warmth. In this condition, blood clots develop in the legs and pelvis, which break off and reach to lungs, saucing a pulmonary embolism. Wearing compression socks may prevent blood clots by keeping the blood flowing and preventing stagnation. They can also help to prevent the development of varicose veins. It is also important to stay mobile and let your doctor know about any extremity swelling or severe symptoms you may have. Furthermore, different compression levels can be used to apply gentle pressure to help get the fluid moving in the right direction. The internet can be overwhelming when it comes to choices on this. When considering which ones to buy, think about where your swelling is and make sure that the sock has a decent amount of pressure. Regular socks will not help to effectively move the body fluids and you should purchase socks with medical grade compression. This is about 20 to 30 mm Hg of pressure and the pressure should gradually increase from bottom to top so that fluid can be pushed upwards.If your swelling is mainly in your foot, then choose a compression sleeve that helps push fluid out of the foot. You can then alternate this with a compression sleeve that pushes fluid up from the ankle and calf. If you need compression over your foot to help with swelling and alleviate tight-fitting shoes, try these 20-30mmHg graduated compression sleeves that also have arch support. We recommend a brand that has a graduated medical compression strength of 20-30mmHg over the ankle and calf area. It may be a good idea to have both so you can alternate usage and push fluid from the feet into the ankle area and then use the second sleeve to push it from the calf higher up. According to many medical experts, you can start wearing compression socks from the first trimester. However, it is more likely that you will need it in the middle of the second trimester and beyond. Within the first four months, you may notice the signs of blood stagnation, swelling of the ankles, and a pulling sensation in your calves.Further, edema occurs more often in hot weather and late evening. So, you should ideally can put on compression socks in the morning before you get out of bed. Take off the socks upon retiring for the night or any time you would like to put your feet up for a bit. If you face difficulty putting on the stockings during the later stages of pregnancy, you can ask help from your loved ones. Finally, compression stockings are not recommended if they do not feel good on your skin or cause any medical complications or discomfort. Undoubtedly, pregnancy involves some possible unpleasant changes and complications. Compression socks in pregnancy are an easy thing to try for women struggling with painful, swollen legs. There are hundreds of styles and colors, along with different lengths and sizes. When buying a pair, make sure you choose the right type and size that suits your dimensions and needs and always ask your physician which strength of compression you should get.A pair of compression socks can be incredibly helpful for swollen achy legs in pregnancy. The good news is that even mild compression can be very helpful in alleviating swelling. A higher level of compression can be used to improve the fluid flow in the circulatory system. It is important that you wear compression socks during a long flight since flights and a growing baby inside you together put you at a high risk of blood clots. From a cosmetic standpoint, wearing compression garments can also help with spider veins and most healthcare professionals would agree on the many health benefits it has. Sources:Alsheef MA, Alabbad AM, Albassam RA, et al. Pregnancy and Venous Thromboembolism: Risk Factors, Trends, Management, and Mortality.Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:4071892. Published 2020 Apr 11. doi:10.1155/2020/4071892https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32351991/Sachdeva A, Dalton M, Lees T. Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11(11):CD001484. Published 2018 Nov 3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001484.pub4https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001484.pub4/full

The 3-hour glucose tolerance test is a diagnostic test used to determine the presence of gestational diabetes in pregnant women. The three-hour test is usually done as a second test after a patient has failed a one-hour glucose challenge test. The American College Of Obstetricians And Gynecologists recommends that the one-hour glucose test for gestational diabetes is performed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. If you fail the one hour test, you are brought back for the 3 hour glucose test. The test measures the body's response to sugar (glucose) by analyzing blood sugar levels at different intervals after consuming a concentrated glucose solution. It helps your healthcare professional assess how efficiently you are processing glucose. If you fail it then you are diagnosed with gestational diabetes.If you have had a diagnosis of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, have a large for gestational age baby in a previous pregnancy, are obese, or have a twin pregnancy, then you will be tested earlier in your pregnancy. Understanding the normal range values for the 3-hour glucose tolerance test is important, as early diagnosis and proper management can prevent or delay complications associated with these conditions. By monitoring and adjusting blood sugar levels accordingly, individuals can maintain healthier lifestyles and minimize the risk of long-term health issues.Prior to the test, you must fast for at least 8-12 hours, consuming only small sips of water during this time. First, a fasting blood draw is done. Then, you will be asked to drink a beverage containing glucose within 10 minutes or less. During the test your blood will be drawn at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after ingestion. During this time, you should avoid eating, smoking, and exercising until after your last blood draw. If you are walking around during the test, this may falsely lower high glucose levels. You should limit activity during the three-hour glucose test. Do not try to cheat the test because you do not want gestational diabetes to be missed. Based on the blood glucose levels at each time point, a diagnosis of gestational diabetes can be made.Before taking the 3-Hour glucose tolerance test, it is essential to follow fasting requirements. Patients are advised not to eat, drink, smoke, or exercise for at least 8-12 hours before the first blood sample is taken. Sips of plain water are allowed during the fasting period, but no other beverages should be consumed.Maintaining a normal diet prior to the day of the test is crucial for accurate results. Patients should eat their regular meals and avoid any significant changes in food consumption. This helps ensure that the body's glucose levels are not artificially impacted by sudden dietary adjustments. Trying to "trick" the test is not only unlikely to work but it is also dangerous for pregnant people who may have gestational diabetes to have that diagnosis missed.As the test may take up to four hours to complete, it is recommended that patients wear comfortable clothing to the testing facility. Loose, non-restrictive garments will allow for easy access to the arm for blood draws and facilitate a more relaxed experience during the testing process.Some people may feel sick after or during the 3-Hour Glucose Tolerance Test. These may include:These side effects are generally not severe and subside after the test is completed. If you do vomit after you consume the glucose drink you will likely need to return on another day to repeat the test due to the high likelihood of inaccurate results. Interpreting the 3-hour glucose test requires understanding what normal blood sugar levels are. For a healthy individual, normal results are as follows:
- Fasting: less than 95 mg/dL (94 or lower)
- 1 hour: less than 180 mg/dL (179 or lower)
- 2 hours: less than 155 mg/dL (154 or lower)
- 3 hours: less than 140 mg/dL (139 or lower)When interpreting test results, it is essential to be aware of what constitutes abnormal results, which could indicate a potential health issue. Specifically, diagnosing gestational diabetes from the oral glucose tolerance test requires two or more of the following results:When two or more blood sugar values equal or exceed the limits mentioned above,   This is the requirement to diagnose gestational diabetes. The next step usually involves going to a nutritionist who specializes in gestational diabetic teaching and to learn how to test your blood glucose levels. There are several factors that can contribute to abnormal glucose tolerance results. Potential causes include, but are not limited to:Gestational diabetes is a condition that affects some pregnant women and may cause harm to both the mother and baby if left untreated. Proper management of gestational diabetes can help reduce risks and ensure a healthy pregnancy.Making healthier food choices is one of the key factors in managing gestational diabetes. A well-balanced diet should include the right amount of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. High-fiber foods, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, are also essential in controlling blood glucose levels. It is also important to avoid or limit the consumption of high-sugar and high-fat foods.Staying active during pregnancy can help control blood sugar levels. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes are advised to engage in regular, moderate-intensity exercise, such as walking, swimming, or prenatal yoga. Walking briskly after meals can help to reduce blood sugar spikes. This is why it is important to not walk in the doctor's office during the 3 hour glucose test as it doesn't allow the doctor to assess how your body can handle glucose without any physical activity. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate level and type of physical activity for each individual case. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential in managing gestational diabetes. This can be done through the use of a blood glucose meter or glucometer to measure blood sugar levels at specific times throughout the day. Healthcare providers will typically recommend testing multiple times daily to ensure blood sugar levels are within the desired range. You will also need to have a postpartum glucose test. In some cases, dietary and lifestyle changes may not be sufficient to control gestational diabetes, and medical intervention may be necessary. This could involve the use of insulin injections or other medications to help control blood sugar levels. It is essential always to follow the medical advice and treatment plan provided by the healthcare provider. By implementing dietary changes, physical activity, regular blood glucose monitoring, and following the medical intervention as needed, women with gestational diabetes can improve their chances of a healthy and complication-free pregnancy.The one hour glucose test and subsequent 3 hour glucose tolerance test are done between 24-28 weeks gestation. This diagnostic test is an important tool for seeing who is at a higher risk of gestational diabetes. During the duration of the test, patients will be fasting, consuming a glucose-rich drink, and then having blood drawn at specific intervals to monitor blood sugar levels. By evaluating these results, healthcare practitioners can identify abnormal glucose levels and provide appropriate interventions if necessary.Patients undergoing the test should adhere to the guidelines provided, such as fasting before the test and refraining from eating, smoking, or exercising during the test. This ensures accurate results while minimizing any undue stress on the body. It is important to adhere to guidelines so that your doctor can properly assess how insulin works in your body when you are exposed to a high level of glucose. Regular glucose testing is crucial for individuals at risk of developing diabetes. Early detection and prompt intervention can help to manage the condition effectively and potentially delay or prevent complications. If you are diagnosed with gestational diabetes the risk of diabetes later in life is much higher, so continue to practice the lifestyle changes you learned during pregnancy and maintain a healthy lifestyle as you age. 

Many breastfeeding parents worry about bottle and nipple confusion. Is nipple confusion a real concern or should it be called the nipple confusion myth? Let's start by understanding it.This term has been used to describe a baby who is primarily feeding at the breast that may become acclimated to bottle feeding and therefore, will not be able to feed directly at the breast. It has also been used to describe confusion between pacifiers and the breast. There is probably more evidence to support nipple confusion as it relates to bottles and less to that of pacifier use, although there is not very strong evidence for either. Should breastfeeding moms worry about switching between the bottle and the breast? The answer is it depends. Each baby is unique and there are certain bottles you can purchase that are less likely to cause your baby to prefer the bottle over the breast. Some of this depends on the shape of the bottle while much of it also depends on the flow. Because breastfeeding is more challenging for the newborn, slow flow bottles are a good option while establishing breastfeeding. If your baby begins to realize that the bottle is much easier to get food from, they may prefer the bottle. They are not "confused" about which to choose. They are very much aware that the bottle is easier and therefore may cry for it. Here are our recommendations when it comes to the best bottles for breastfed baby: Slow flow nipples are a great choice when it comes to breastfed babies. This type of nipple and bottle will mimic the flow of the milk that comes out of the breast and are less likely to make your newborn prefer the bottle over the breast. Some of these, however, maybe so slow that a hungry baby may become very frustrated. Be sure to look out for hunger cues in your baby so that you can have a bottle prepared and ready to go. Typically, your baby will feed every 2 to 3 hours so you can prepare yourself according to this schedule. Certain brands have different levels of flow and this can be very helpful in deciding which level makes the most sense for your baby. Extra slow flow is a good place to start and increase the level of flow from there if needed.Some brands make bottles that are shaped like the breast. In the beginning, when your baby is too young to hold the bottle, this does not matter much. As they get older and can hold the bottle themselves, it may be a nice bottle to have. There is no real evidence to support that a breast shaped bottle is better than one that is not, but there is no harm in using one either. A very small number of brands carry a combination of slow flow nipples and bottles that mimic the breast. This specific Tommee Tippee bottle is also a great option for babies who have colic as it does also have an anti-colic valve. Remember, that there is a lack of high-quality scientific studies on colic treatment. So, it is unclear if these anti-colic valves are actually helpful, so purchase with a grain of salt. Although there is little evidence to support that nipple confusion is a real problem, choosing a bottle that encourages breastfeeding is likely a good choice. Slow flow nipples and slow flow bottles can be helpful to encourage feeding at the breast as can bottles that are shaped and feel like the breast. The recommendations linked above a good place to start!Sources:Zimmerman E, Thompson K. Clarifying nipple confusion. J Perinatol. 2015 Nov;35(11):895-9. doi: 10.1038/jp.2015.83. Epub 2015 Jul 16. PMID: 26181720.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181720/Zeevenhooven J, Browne PD, L'Hoir MP, de Weerth C, Benninga MA. Infant colic: mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Aug;15(8):479-496. doi: 10.1038/s41575-018-0008-7. PMID: 29760502.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29760502/

Are you wondering what to expect from a 3D mammogram? Many are a bit intimidated by the name and are unsure whether they need to undergo this test or not. Read on to learn more about the 3D mammogram, what to expect, as well as how it compares to the standard mammogram.A 3D mammogram is a procedure similar to the traditional mammogram, which doesn’t pose abnormal risks.As the name suggests, 3D mammograms will create a 3D image of one’s breast. The mammogram machine would send X-ray signals through breast tissue at different angles. This will then compile all images taken and turn into one 3D image.The 3D image will provide a complete and detailed impression of the breast, which doctors will use to detect signs of abnormal growth and/or cancer. The standard 2D mammogram is still the industry standard when it comes to imaging breast tissue. During this procedure, a technical will compress breast tissue, making it as uniform as possible. The 2D mammogram machine would create simple images of the breast tissue from various angles.With the 3D mammogram, you go through a similar process. However, the difference here is that the technician takes multiple images from more different angles. This will then be compiled into one digital recreation of the breast, giving a complete representation.3D mammograms allow medical professionals to check on small, individual sections of breast tissue which can be as thin as a millimeter. That way, specialists can detect forms of abnormal growth in breast tissue more accurately. Using this procedure may give medical professionals and individuals more certainty in diagnosis and follow-ups, if necessary. It is suggested that women over 40 years old should get yearly mammograms to check for breast cancer. The American Society of Breast Surgeons recommends 3D mammograms for all women who require to undergo a mammogram procedure. This is because 3D imaging will provide a better picture of underlying breast tissue, helping to identify any potential growths earlier. Doctors might have a few recommendations before taking the mammogram procedure. You may be recommended to schedule your appointment after your menstrual cycle so your breast tissue is less tender. Furthermore, you’ll be recommended to avoid wearing any deodorant or perfume, which may interfere with the imaging.The procedure for the 3D mammogram is similar to the standard mammogram, with the technician asking you to remove your clothing and change to a temporary garment, removing any jewelry. The technician will then place the breast on the compression plate of the mammogram machine and the second plate to flatten breast tissue, creating uniform thickness.Then, the 3D mammogram's imaging arm will move over the breast, taking X-rays from different angles. While it may take a bit longer compared to the standard mammogram, it isn't a noticeable change.Wrapping It Up3D mammograms are fairly new in the medical field, but more health facilities are now adopting the technology. While still a fairly similar process to the standard mammogram, the 3D mammogram would take even more images of breast tissue. There are no risks, and while it MIGHT be a little bit uncomfortable, it is nothing painful and worth going through in order to identify any abnormal growths to treat. I hope you learned even more about mammograms to help become aware of breast health. If you would like to get checked, do talk with your doctor to know your options and schedule a 3D mammogram. 

Can you take prenatal vitamins in form of gummies? The answer in most cases is yes. The exception to this may be if you are a pregnant person who has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. If you have GDM or gestational diabetes, then prenatal gummy vitamins may not be the best option for you. A person with GDM will already have to limit their sugar intake, and eating gummies can add unnecessary sugar to your diet. Look for prenatal vitamins with folic acid and also, ideally, a prenatal multivitamin with DHA.If you are looking for one a day prenatal gummies, it will be nearly impossible to find. In order to pack in all the nutrients that you need as a pregnant person, you will likely need to take 3 to 6 gummies a day. This is why regular prenatal pills are so large. There are a lot of nutrients that need to go into that pill. Prenatal gummies are a great option if you have a hard time swelling very large pills. Here are our favorite options when it comes to the best prenatal gummies:Smarty Pants - Our Top Pick!
Smarty Pants prenatal gummies are great because they are one of the best tasting prenatal gummies out there. For many pregnant women who are already sensitive to tastes and smells, it is important to have an option that tastes good. Taking 4 gummies each day is easy to do and a treat. This supplement also has DHA which some prenatals do not have. It also has an ample amount of folic acid, also known as folate, which may help prevent neural tube defects. Pregnant people need 600 micrograms of folic acid everyday. Your prenatal vitamin should have at least 400 micrograms. Lunakai
For expectant mothers following a vegan diet, it can be challenging to find a prenatal supplement that works for them. The Lunakai prenatal gummy has 800 mcg of folic acid, also has DHA, and also tastes great. An additional benefit is that they are great for individuals who have one or more dietary restrictions. These prenatal gummies are non-GMO, gelatin free, vegetarian, gluten free, soy free, and corn free.Natalist
The Natalist prenatal gummy also has a great vitamin profile containing enough folic acid and also has DHA. Enfamom
Enfamom prenatal gummies are also an option. The Enfamom prenatal gummy is made by the same brand that makes Enfamil formula.Remember that, in addition to taking a prenatal during pregnancy, it is also important to start taking a prenatal vitamin with folic acid while you are trying to conceive. Most women will not realize they are pregnant until they are several weeks into the pregnancy. The risk for having neural tube defects is lessened by taking a prenatal with folic acid, and this is most critical in these 12 weeks of a pregnancy. There is also some evidence to show that for moms who continued with folic acid supplementation in the second and third trimesters, there was a cognitive benefit for their child. More studies are needed in this area. Most doctors recommend a well-rounded prenatal vitamin while you are trying to conceive, during pregnancy and during breastfeeding. Prenatal vitamins typically contain higher amounts of specific nutrients that are particularly important for a healthy pregnancy. These include:Overall, while regular multivitamins can provide some of these nutrients, prenatal vitamins are specifically designed to meet the increased nutritional needs of pregnant women and their growing babies.Folic acid is probably the most important nutrient in preventing certain types of birth defects, particularly neural tube defects, which affect the baby's brain and spinal cord. Folate is a B vitamin that plays a key role in the development of the neural tube. A deficiency in folate during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of spina bifida.Folate and folic acid are both forms of vitamin B9, which is essential for many important functions in the body, including the development of the nervous system and the formation of red blood cells.Folate is the natural form of vitamin B9 that is found in foods such as leafy green vegetables, beans, and citrus fruits. Folate is absorbed by the body and converted into a form that can be used by cells in a process that requires the presence of certain enzymes.Folic acid, on the other hand, is a synthetic form of vitamin B9 that is often used in supplements and fortified foods. Folic acid is more stable than folate and is more easily absorbed by the body, which makes it a more efficient source of vitamin B9 than dietary folate.Both folate and folic acid are important for preventing birth defects such as spina bifida, and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, it's important to note that some people may have difficulty converting dietary folate into its active form, and in these cases, folic acid supplementation may be recommended to ensure adequate intake of vitamin B9.Women who are trying to conceive or who are pregnant are recommended to take a daily supplement of at least 400-800 micrograms of folic acid.Vitamin deficiencies during pregnancy can lead to a range of birth defects, some of which are more common than others. Here are some examples:It's important to note that vitamin deficiencies during pregnancy are not the only cause of these birth defects, and not all babies born to mothers with vitamin deficiencies will have these problems. However, maintaining adequate vitamin intake during pregnancy is important for the healthy development of the baby and can help reduce the risk of birth defects. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should talk to their healthcare provider about their specific nutritional needs and any supplements they should be taking.DHA is good for pregnancy and mercury is not, but they generally come from similar dietary sources. DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found in high concentrations in the brain and retina of the eye.During pregnancy, the demand for DHA increases as the baby's brain and nervous system develop rapidly. Adequate levels of DHA are necessary for the growth and function of these organs.Studies have shown that pregnant women who consume higher amounts of DHA have babies with better cognitive and visual development than those who consume lower amounts. Additionally, low levels of DHA during pregnancy have been linked to an increased risk of preterm birth and postpartum depression.Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that can be found in certain types of fish, including swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish. These fish are at the top of the food chain and can accumulate high levels of mercury in their tissues.It's important to note that not all types of fish contain high levels of mercury, and some fish are actually beneficial during pregnancy due to their high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for the baby's brain and eye development. Pregnant women should aim to consume 2-3 servings of low-mercury fish per week, such as salmon, sardines, trout, and canned light tuna.Taking prenatal gummies does not substitute for good nutrition. It is important for pregnant women to eat a healthy and well balanced diet. Healthy food sources are a great way to get the recommended amount of essential nutrients. However, this can be difficult to keep track of so a prenatal gummy vitamin can be a helpful and tasty supplement.If you are using prenatal gummies be sure that you are not at risk for gestational diabetes or that you do not have gestational diabetes. Eating healthy meals that have low to moderate sugar as well as staying active may lower your risk of gestational diabetes. If you don't like swelling huge pills, taking prenatal gummies may be a good option for you before and during pregnancy. The best prenatal vitamin is one that works for you and is one and has all the essential nutrients and vitamins for ensuring a healthy pregnancy. If you have or are at risk for Gestational Diabetes, talk to your doctor about prenatal gummies as these may add too much sugar to your diet. Remember to always evaluate the ingredients and nutrients in any supplement and show it to your doctor if you have any questions.Sources:Chitayat D, Matsui D, Amitai Y, Kennedy D, Vohra S, Rieder M, Koren G. Folic acid supplementation for pregnant women and those planning pregnancy: 2015 update. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Feb;56(2):170-5. doi: 10.1002/jcph.616. Epub 2015 Nov 5. PMID: 26272218; PMCID: PMC4738404.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26272218/McNulty H, Rollins M, Cassidy T, Caffrey A, Marshall B, Dornan J, McLaughlin M, McNulty BA, Ward M, Strain JJ, Molloy AM, Lees-Murdock DJ, Walsh CP, Pentieva K. Effect of continued folic acid supplementation beyond the first trimester of pregnancy on cognitive performance in the child: a follow-up study from a randomized controlled trial (FASSTT Offspring Trial). BMC Med. 2019 Oct 31;17(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1432-4. PMID: 31672132; PMCID: PMC6823954.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31672132/Cheatham CL. Nutritional Factors in Fetal and Infant Brain Development. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;75 Suppl 1:20-32. doi: 10.1159/000508052. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PMID: 32564018.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32564018/

As a parent of a 4-month-old baby, it can be challenging to navigate their sleep schedule, but understanding this phase in your infant's life is essential for their optimal growth and development. At four months old, babies typically begin to establish a more regular sleep pattern. Because of this, it becomes increasingly important for parents to help their little ones maintain a consistent sleep routine.A healthy sleep schedule for a 4-month-old baby generally consists of around 15 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period, including both nighttime sleep and daytime naps. During this period, babies are capable of sleeping for longer stretches at night, while their naps tend to be shorter in duration. It is essential for parents to recognize their baby's sleep patterns and adapt to their individual needs, as every baby's sleep habits may vary somewhat.It is also very important to continue to place your baby in a safe sleep space for all their daily naps and for their night time sleep. The risk of SIDS goes down as your baby gets older, but your baby should be sleeping in the crib by themselves until 1 year of age. At this age, babies need an average of 14 hours of sleep daily. They can sleep for 10 to 11 hours at night, and during the day, 3.5 - 4.5 hours are needed. Daytime sleep is usually divided into a morning nap, an afternoon nap, and maybe one more depending on if they are napping for longer periods or shorter periods. Good sleep habits include placing the baby in their safe sleep space every time they sleep whether it is during the day or at night. This way they begin to associate that space with quiet time and sleep. At four months old, babies start transitioning from shorter sleep cycles to longer ones. This change in sleep cycles can sometimes lead to a temporary sleep regression when the baby finds it challenging to adjust. However, after they get accustomed to the new sleep patterns, their sleep becomes more predictable and consolidated. It is important to remember that circadian rhythms develop between 4 and 6 months old. This means that night wakings will still be common in the 4th month of life. It may be a good idea to keep longer naps in the morning and have your baby wake up from their last nap no later than 4 pm. This provides them 3-4 hours awake before overnight sleep.At this stage, 4-month-old babies typically have an awake time of 90 minutes between naps. Some babies will be awake a little longer and some a little less. Extending wake times may help to extend times that they are asleep, but every baby is different. Their daily activities will consist of a mix of playtime, tummy time, feeding, and napping. To maintain a healthy sleep pattern, it is essential to keep track of their awake time and ensure it does not exceed the recommended duration.Young babies will usually provide their parents and caretakers with some hints that they are getting sleepy. Sleep cues are important to pay attention to so that you can prepare your baby for sleep before they become cranky. Common sleep cues in a 4-month-old baby include weak sucking, unfocused eyes, looking away when stared at, and eye rubbing. The best way to promote self soothing behavior is to place your child in the crib or bassinet during this time.Establishing a sleep schedule for your 4-month-old baby is crucial for their overall development and well-being. Here are some key points to consider and tips to follow for creating an effective sleep schedule.Design a sleep environment that is conducive to restful sleep for your baby. This may include:Build a consistent bedtime routine that helps your baby recognize cues for sleep. A sample bedtime routine could involve:Maintaining consistency in your baby's sleep schedule is essential for their comfort and adaptability. Following a schedule similar to the ones provided by What to Expect and BabyCenter can help. These schedules suggest that a 4-month-old should sleep for 12-16 hours a day, with naps spaced evenly throughout the day.Remember to be patient and flexible, as every baby is different, and it may take some time to establish a routine that works best for you and your little one. However, consistency and healthy sleep habits will ultimately lead to a more restful sleep for both you and your baby.At four months old, babies usually require about 14 to 15 hours of sleep each day, including naps and nighttime sleep. However, sleep needs may vary, and following a sleep schedule can help ensure your baby gets enough rest.Typically, a 4-month-old baby will take around 3 to 5 naps per day, with each nap lasting anywhere from 75 minutes to 2 hours. Here's a sample schedule, based on a baby taking three naps a day:7:00 am Wake up and feed 8:45 am Nap 10:45 am Awake 12:30 pm Nap 2:30 pm Awake 4:30 pm Nap 5:00 pm Awake 6:30 pm Bedtime routine 7:00 pm Bed You can use this schedule as a starting point, but don't forget to listen to your baby's needs and adjust the timings according to their individual requirements.Here's a sample schedule for a baby taking four naps during the day:As your baby grows, they may be able to sleep for longer, uninterrupted stretches at night. Most babies work up to about six hours of uninterrupted nighttime sleep between 3 and 6 months of age. Here's a sample bedtime and nighttime feeding schedule:Remember that each baby is unique, and you may need to adjust the schedule according to your child's sleep patterns and needs. Not everytime a baby wakes up at night will be for food (but it is usually the most common reason). If your baby wakes up in the middle of the night, you can see if they are able to self soothe and fall back asleep. Be sure to have a great baby monitor so that you can see your child clearly through the camera to make sure they are not in distress. At this age the American Academy Of Pediatrics recommends that you sleep in the same room (but. not the same sleep space) as your child. As babies grow, their sleep patterns tend to evolve, and one important factor that influences this is the baby's weight. Generally, newborns need about 14 to 17 hours of sleep each day, but their sleep is often fragmented into shorter naps because they have not yet developed a sense of day and night source. However, the exact amount of sleep depends on individual factors, such as the baby's sleep needs and weight.Most babies don't start sleeping through the night (6 to 8 hours) without waking until they are about three months old or weigh 12 to 13 pounds source. Thus, baby's weight can be an important milestone in determining sleep patterns and duration. This is because a higher weight signifies that the baby is getting enough nourishment, and their bodies have developed enough to allow for longer sleep sessions.In summary, there is a relationship between a baby's weight and sleep duration. As babies gain weight and develop, their sleep needs and patterns change, typically resulting in longer sleep durations and more consolidated sleep sessions. However, individual factors and variations should always be taken into consideration when assessing a baby's sleep patterns.Not every baby goes through this but several do. During the 4-month sleep regression, your baby's sleep patterns change, and sleep cycles progress from light sleep to deep sleep and back again. As a result, your baby will likely wake frequently at night and take short naps.Some common signs that your baby is experiencing the 4 month sleep regression include difficulty falling asleep, more frequent nighttime awakenings, increased crying or fussiness upon awakening, and notably reduced total sleep time (Sleep Foundation). These changes in sleep patterns are a natural part of your baby's development and are likely related to their growing brains and bodies.Here are some tips to help you and your baby manage the 4 month sleep regression:While most babies will naturally establish a consistent sleep schedule by the time they're 4 months old, there might be instances when professional help is needed. It's essential to monitor your baby's sleeping habits and any changes in their patterns.Consult a pediatrician or sleep specialist if you notice any of the following issues:Getting professional guidance can help identify any underlying issues and provide recommendations for establishing a healthy sleep schedule. A baby's sleep is crucial for their growth and development, so addressing any concerns early on is essential for their well-being.Establishing a sleep routine for a 4-month-old baby involves focusing on their wake windows and adjusting the schedule based on their individual needs. A typical wake window for a baby at this age would be around 90 minutes to just under 2 hours. However, it's essential to observe your baby's cues and adjust accordingly. In general, most 4 month old babies need a lot of sleep, usually, on average, 15 hours a day. They will take about 3 naps a day for 1-2 hours each time. Pay attention to sleep cues, as an overtired baby can be difficult to console. Experimenting with nap times in 15 minute increments can help you create a more personalized schedule for your baby. Remember that day time sleep cycles for a 4-month-old typically last just around 45 minutes, while night time sleep cycles can be around 2 hours long.Developing a consistent sleep routine with age-appropriate wake times contributes to a more predictable schedule, making it easier for both you and your baby to adjust. Keeping in mind that every baby is unique and may require different sleep patterns, being flexible and patient is crucial to successfully establishing a 4-month-old sleep schedule.

Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome often suffer from insulin resistance and weight gain that can be difficult to manage. Due to this issue with insulin sensitivity, weight loss and management can be difficult. The best diet for PCOS symptoms is not necessarily low carb or a keto diet. It is important to have well balanced diet that focuses on a low glycemic index. For example, many complex carbohydrates are not recommended in a low carb diet, but certain foods can be helpful in managing PCOS. Patients with PCOS can enjoy a variety of foods including soy products, dairy products, and even recipes with complex carbs. From breakfast recipes to PCOS dinner ideas, keep reading to learn more about PCOS diet recipes.Creating a balanced PCOS diet plan is a good way to manage your symptoms and improve your overall health. This section provides a sample meal plan, divided into sub-sections for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks. Remember to adjust portion sizes and ingredients according to your individual needs and preferences. Foods with a low glycemic index are generally good to include in PCOS recipes.The glycemic index (GI) of a food is a measure of how quickly that food raises blood sugar levels after it is consumed. The GI is a ranking system that assigns a score to carbohydrate-containing foods based on how much they raise blood sugar levels compared to a reference food (usually glucose or white bread) which is assigned a GI score of 100. Foods with a high glycemic index score (usually 70 or higher) are rapidly digested and absorbed, causing a sharp increase in blood sugar levels, while foods with a low GI score (55 or lower) are digested and absorbed more slowly, causing a gradual rise in blood sugar levels. Foods with a moderate glycemic index score (56-69) fall somewhere in between. Foods with a low glycemic index are less likely to cause insulin levels to spike. it's recommended to include vegetables that are low in glycemic index (GI) and high in fiber. Some examples of vegetables that fit these criteria include:These vegetables are not only low in GI and high in fiber, but they are also rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants which are important for overall health.When selecting fruits for PCOS-friendly recipes, it's important to choose fruits that are low in glycemic index and high in fiber. Some examples of fruits that are good for patients with PCOS include:These fruits are not only low in GI and high in fiber, but they are also rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants which are important for overall health. However, it's important to consume fruits in moderation as they do contain natural sugars.The consumption of dairy products by patients with PCOS is a topic of debate among experts. Some studies suggest that dairy products may have a negative impact on PCOS symptoms due to their high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and estrogen. However, other studies have found that consuming dairy products in moderation can have positive effects on PCOS symptoms, such as improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation. Ultimately, the decision to include dairy products in a PCOS diet should be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account individual health goals and preferences. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to determine the best approach for managing PCOS symptoms through diet.If a patient with PCOS chooses to consume dairy products, it is recommended to choose low-fat or fat-free options. Low-fat or fat-free dairy products are lower in calories and saturated fat, which can help with weight management and reducing inflammation. Some examples of low-fat or fat-free dairy products that may be suitable for patients with PCOS include skim or low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese. It is important to note that individual tolerance to dairy products can vary, and some people may experience digestive discomfort or other symptoms after consuming dairy. In such cases, alternatives such as plant-based milk, yogurt, or cheese can be used instead. It is always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized recommendations regarding dairy consumption for patients with PCOS.Here are some easy recipes that are high in fiber, protein, and healthy fats. These are also quick and easy to make.Lunch can be tricky since you may be on the go. The first option requires meal prep ahead of time. The whole grain turkey wrap can be easily made in the morning and the sushi option is an easy one to order from a local restaurant.Dinners should be light and nutritious. Choose something with protein that will help you stay full and satisfied overnight. Here are some great options.Healthy snacks are a good idea to have around when hunger hits. Here are some quick and easy snacks that will satisfy cravings and also are healthy.The exact cause of PCOS is not known but we do know that one of the best ways to combat hormonal imbalances is to follow recipes in a pcos-friendly diet. There is no perfect diet, but a healthy lifestyle begins by eating foods mentioned above that promote gut health, are nutritionally complete, and reduce inflammation. Reduced inflammation can have many positive effects on skin, sleep and hair loss. Patients who are at higher risk for insulin resistance and diabetes should focus on pcos-friendly meals that do not raise blood sugar quickly or cause it to spike. Depending on what your meals are composed of, it doesn't mean that you have to give up having a big breakfast or give up a delicious main course. Just be sure to have a variety of healthy foods in your diet.Calorie intake will be naturally reduced if you are conscious about what you eat. This can help PCOS patients with weight loss. Again, the diet does not have to be specifically a ketogenic diet or a low-carb diet. It just needs to have simple ingredients that are a great source of vitamins and minerals and that do not promote chronic inflammation.PCOS is a common hormonal disorder that affects many women and can lead to various health issues. The recipes featured in the article are designed to help manage the symptoms of PCOS by incorporating nutritious ingredients that support hormone balance and healthy weight management. The recipes are easy to prepare and include options for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks. Remember to choose foods that have a low glycemic index. It is also important to not be so strict with yourself that you become frustrated.For more PCOS dinner recipes, delicious recipes for lunch, and dessert recipes that are great for the whole family, download our free cookbook by clicking here. 

As new parents of an 8 week old baby, you're likely beginning to notice some significant changes in your little one's development. At this stage, your new baby has sensory and motor skills that are improving rapidly. This allows them to interact more with their environment and display their blossoming personality. This period marks an exciting time for both you and your baby as you witness the emergence of various developmental milestones.Some key 2-month-old milestones to expect during these months of life include your baby's ability to hold their head up when lying on their tummy and turning their head towards sounds and to look at you source. You may also observe your baby watching you as you move, maintaining their gaze at a toy for several seconds, and engaging in more dynamic arm and leg movements source. Furthermore, your baby might start displaying their first social smiles and cooing, showing more effective ways to communicate and convey their emotions source.At 8 weeks old, a baby's feeding schedule and amounts may vary depending on factors such as their weight and whether they are breastfed or formula-fed. It is essential to focus on observing your baby's hunger cues and respond accordingly, rather than strictly adhering to a specific schedule.Breastfed babies typically feed on demand, which could mean every 2 to 3 hours, or even more frequently, throughout the day and night. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and La Leche League, exclusively breastfed babies between 1 and 6 months old should consume around 25 to 35 ounces of breast milk per day. As babies gain weight, they will eat more at each feeding and have longer periods of time between feedings.For formula-fed babies, the general guideline is to offer 1 to 2 ounces of formula per feeding for every hour. This means that an 8-week-old baby may need around 24 to 32 ounces of formula per day, spread across 8 to 10 feedings. The table below provides an example of a feeding schedule for formula-fed babies: Age (weeks) Feedings per day (approx.) Ounces per feeding (approx.) Total ounces per day (approx.) 8 8-10 3-4 24-32 It is important to pay attention to your baby's hunger and fullness signals. If they consistently finish their feeding and still seem hungry or if they have difficulty finishing their bottle, you may need to adjust the amount you are offering. It is always best to consult with a pediatrician if you have concerns about your baby's feeding patterns or growth.At 8 weeks old, your baby is still in the early stages of tummy time development. It is essential to gradually increase the duration of tummy time sessions to help them build strength and achieve important developmental milestones.In the first few weeks, tummy time sessions should start at 1-2 minutes and slowly be built up. By the time your baby is 8 weeks old, they should be able to handle slightly longer sessions of 5-10 minutes, or even 10-15 minutes several times a day.Here are some tips for a successful tummy time experience:Remember, tummy time is crucial to your baby's development, so be patient and consistent. Your baby will gradually become more comfortable with tummy time and improve their motor skills, such as head control and eventually rolling over.At 8 weeks old, a baby typically needs around 14 to 17 hours of sleep per day, including three or more hours of daytime naps (Emma's Diary). This sleep pattern may vary between babies, but it's essential to ensure they get adequate rest for their development. Most 2-month-old babies will sleep a maximum of 4 to 5 hour stretches at night. If you are lucky it may be slightly longer. The most important thing is that your baby is getting enough rest and enough nutrition. If your baby is gaining weight appropriately, longer stretches of sleep may be okay. If your baby is underweight you may need to wake up them up to feed them. This should be discussed with your baby's pediatrician. The good news is that weight gain can help with longer stretches of sleep. As newborn babies gain weight and grow they are able to hold more food in their stomach which means they will wake up less in the middle of the night. As their sleep pattern evolves, most 8-week-old babies will experience more sleep at night and less during the day (Verywell Family). Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule is crucial to help them adjust to a routine.Here are some factors to consider for your 8-week-old baby's sleep:At around 8 weeks, your baby's sleep patterns are gradually becoming more established. An 8-week-old baby generally requires about 14 to 17 hours of sleep a day, which includes both nighttime sleep and daytime naps. At this age, the number of naps a baby takes can vary, but it is common for them to have anywhere from 3 to 5 naps. If they are taking 5 naps you will want to make sure they are not longer than 90 minutes otherwise night sleep will be challenging.These naps help promote healthy growth and development for your baby, and the length of each nap can vary, with some being shorter and others longer. It is essential to watch for signs of tiredness in your baby, such as rubbing their eyes or becoming fussy, as these can indicate that it's time for a nap.How Many Wet Diapers Should An 8 Week Old Have?An 8 week old baby will usually have 6 to 10 wet diapers a day. They may not have a poopy diaper each day. A newborn can go a couple days without pooping though it may make them uncomfortable it is unlikely to be dangerous. If there's any concern, talk to your baby's doctor or health care provider who can perform a physical examination and provide appropriate medical advice.At 8 weeks old, babies are starting to explore their environment and develop their visual and auditory senses. Reading to your baby can help support their development and create a special bond between parent and child. Here are some highly recommended books for 8-week-old babies:Selecting the right books for your 8-week-old baby is crucial in feeding their curiosity and fostering a love for reading. While each baby's preferences are different, it is always a good idea to offer a variety of books that cater to their developmental milestones. Remember, the time spent reading together will greatly benefit both you and your baby.At 8 weeks old, babies show considerable growth in both weight and height. The average weight and height for baby girls is 11.2 pounds and 22.5 inches, while for baby boys, it is 12.3 pounds and 23 inches (Active Moms Network).By the age of 8 weeks, most babies begin to hold their head more upright and with better control. This improved head control is an important milestone for their overall motor development (Understood.org).At 8 weeks old, babies show significant changes in their motor skills. They start to:These improvements in motor skills set the foundation for further physical development as your baby grows.At 8 weeks old, your baby's vision is still developing, but they have made significant progress by this age. They can now focus on objects 8-12 inches away and have started to develop depth perception. Their color vision and ability to track moving objects have also improved (Parents).During this period, you may notice your baby studying their surroundings with more interest, as their vision is becoming clearer. Be sure to provide contrasting and visually engaging toys, textures, and patterns to stimulate their visual development. The baby's eyes will start to follow a moving object.At eight weeks old, babies have already begun to demonstrate an ability to detect sound differences in pitch and volume (Verywell Mind). Their hearing is not yet fully developed, but they can recognize familiar voices and may turn their head in the direction of a sound. A parent or caregiver can support a baby's auditory development by talking, singing, and reading stories to them regularly.As a baby grows, their social-emotional development starts to take shape. At eight weeks old, babies begin to show some early signs of social development. They start to smile intentionally, and their interactions with others become more engaging (Cleveland Clinic). Consistent, nurturing interactions with parents and caregivers will help foster healthy social-emotional development in your baby during these early stages.As your newborn baby reaches 8 weeks, it's essential to understand their developmental milestones and provide them with appropriate support. In this section, we'll give you some helpful tips on how to create a comfortable schedule and provide appropriate toys and activities for your 8-week-old.At this age, your baby will likely sleep for about 13 to 14 hours in total, often starting their day around 6 am and taking approximately three naps during the day source. It is essential to create a flexible yet consistent nap and feeding schedule to help your baby develop healthy routines. Here's a sample schedule:Bear in mind that every baby is different, and individual needs may vary. Adjust the schedule accordingly to suit your baby's needs.When it comes to toys for your 8-week-old, focus on simple and safe options that promote visual and auditory stimulation. Here are some suggestions:Always ensure that toys are age-appropriate and free of small parts that could pose a choking hazard.Engaging with your baby during playtime is crucial for their cognitive and social development. Here are some ideas for fun and educational activities:Remember that interaction is key, and your presence and attention can significantly impact your baby's overall development at this stage.While it's essential to keep track of your 8-week-old baby's development milestones, it's also crucial to be aware of any potential concerns. If you notice any of the following, consult your pediatrician:Remember that every baby is different, and it's natural for them to develop at their own pace. However, it's essential to identify any potential issues early on so that timely intervention and support can be provided if needed.Your 8-week-old baby should have their regular check-up with the pediatrician. This check-up includes assessing your baby's weight, length, and head circumference, as well as answering any questions or addressing any concerns you may have about your baby's development (KidsHealth).In addition to the 2-month milestone, the CDC recommends following up on your child's developmental milestones with your healthcare provider at regular intervals, such as 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months.Regular check-ups with a pediatrician will ensure that your baby is developing as expected and allow for the early identification of any potential concerns.Your child's development can be a a great time to watch. It is so nice to be able to witness their first smile or how their communication skills are growing. Pay close attention to developmental milestones and be sure to discuss any concerns with your pediatrician.

Learning how to take charge of your fertility is an important part of your healthcare. There are a few key things that most doctors would recommend that you pay special attention to. Taking charge of your fertility can be both empowering and important if having children in the future is important to you. Here are the key components to understanding your options.For people who have certain medical conditions, having a baby may be harder. For example, in persons who have PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) or Endometriosis, conceiving a child naturally may be difficult. There are also tests that a fertility doctor (Reproductive Endocrinologist and Infertility Specialist) can do that can give you more insight into your fertility. These tests include hormone  blood tests such as AMH, FSH, LH, and estradiol and also an ultrasound of your uterus and ovaries. The benefit of doing these tests with an REI trained doctor is that the doctor can help you to interpret the results, and answer any questions you may have.If you want to know how to boost fertility in your 30s, then consider the impact your lifestyle could have. Women with healthy body max indexes or normal weights for their height have been shown to have better fertility outcomes compared to women who are underweight or overweight. Regular exercise is healthy and beneficial when trying to conceive, but extreme exercise and weight loss in women can actually be harmful as it can alter the regularity of your period. Your partner’s lifestyle is also important to factor in. It is a known scientific fact that certain things like binge drinking can reduce your partner's sperm count. If you are trying to conceive with a man who smokes, drinks heavily, or uses marijuana, it can be more difficult because these chronic habits reduce sperm count and movement.If you are actively trying to conceive, it is important to understand when are you the most fertile. You also need to know how to track your period. Day 1 of your period is the first day of actual bleeding, not just spotting. The best chances of becoming pregnant are when you are ovulating. This typically happens around Day 14 of the menstrual cycle in women with regular menses but it can be different for different people. Some individuals may ovulate earlier than Day 14 and some may ovulate several days later. Having sex before and during ovulation will give you a higher likelihood of becoming pregnant. You can use a digital ovulation device that can tell you when you are actually ovulating to improve your chances. We have all heard the phrase "a woman's biological clock is ticking." It is unfortunate, but true, that every woman's ability to conceive both naturally and with the help of IVF (in vitro fertilization) decreases as their age increases. Therefore, if you are very certain that you want to have multiple children, starting earlier in life can be helpful. If you are not with a partner that you want to have a child with, you should strongly consider freezing your eggs. The egg freezing techniques have improved greatly over the last decade and one or more rounds of egg freezing could increase your chances of having a baby later in life. Eggs frozen at a younger age are more likely to result in live births when compared to eggs frozen at an older age. In order to give yourself the best shot at becoming pregnant, it is important to take charge of your fertility. This means leading a healthy lifestyle for both you and your partner, being aware of any medical conditions and receiving treatment as needed, and also by tracking your menstrual cycle. It is also important to think about how many children you would ideally like to have so you can plan appropriately and even consider freezing your eggs.Sources:Sharma R, Biedenharn KR, Fedor JM, Agarwal A. Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2013 Jul 16;11:66. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-66. PMID: 23870423; PMCID: PMC3717046.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23870423/Gaur DS, Talekar MS, Pathak VP. Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking: impact of two major lifestyle factors on male fertility. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010 Jan-Mar;53(1):35-40. doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.59180. PMID: 20090219.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20090219/Emokpae MA, Brown SI. Effects of lifestyle factors on fertility: practical recommendations for modification. Reprod Fertil. 2021 Jan 8;2(1):R13-R26. doi: 10.1530/RAF-20-0046. PMID: 35128442; PMCID: PMC8812443.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35128442/https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

Vitamin d drops for infants are critical for their growth and development, especially for breastfed babies and partially breastfed babies. Baby Vitamin D drops can be easily purchased online or in a pharmacy. If your baby is formula fed and consuming enough ounces of formula, then they may or may not need infant Vitamin D drops. But for moms who are exclusively or almost exclusively breastfeeding, all of them will need Vitamin D supplementation for the baby. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends infants be fed breast milk exclusively for the first 6 months after birth. Breast milk has many vitamins, including Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and the B vitamin group. But, breast milk does not have adequate Vitamin D, so, all breastfed infants need supplemental vitamin D. So, when it comes to the best baby Vitamin D drops, what do you need to know? As long as you know it's a reliable brand and you are giving your baby the correct dose, there is not one specific option that is better than another. The recommended dose of Vitamin D for infants is 400 IU per day. Some popular choices with parents include Mommy's Bliss. No matter which brand you buy be sure to check the packaging for instructions on dosing.Remember that the FDA does not test dietary supplements before they are sold on the market. As a consumer, you can contact the supplement manufacturer or the commercial laboratory for an analysis of what is inside the dietary supplement. Be sure to discuss what you are using with your baby's pediatrician. If you forgot to give your baby their daily Vitamin D supplement once or twice, then there is not much to worry about. Missing this supplement sometimes is not likely to cause any long-term issues for your child. However, if you find yourself consistently forgetting to do this, then you should set a reminder and strongly consider assigning a specific person to do the task each day. Many baby apps can also help you track your baby's daily intake of milk and supplements.Vitamin D is important for proper bone growth. In order for the human body to make vitamin D, it needs to be exposed to direct sunlight. And we don’t recommend direct sunlight for babies because it can cause burns and even cancer. Because it is important to keep kids protected from the sun, there is a need for Vitamin D supplementation. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants receive a vitamin D supplement, with the exception of those infants who are drinking more than 32 ounces per day of formula that has the vitamin D supplement added. Severe Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a condition called Rickets.The Vitamin D dose for infants is 400 IU (10 mcg) per day of Vitamin D3. This is what is recommended for babies until they are 1 year old. Remember always to discuss any medication or supplement with your child's doctor.
Sources:Tan ML, Abrams SA, Osborn DA. Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 11;12(12):CD013046. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013046.pub2. PMID: 33305822; PMCID: PMC8812278.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33305822/Greer FR. Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1759S-62S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1759S. PMID: 15585801.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585801/Chang SW, Lee HC. Vitamin D and health - The missing vitamin in humans. Pediatr Neonatol. 2019 Jun;60(3):237-244. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.04.007. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31101452.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31101452/

If you are looking for period tips for beginners, you have come to the right place. The first time you see your menstrual blood, it can be an overwhelming experience. From dealing with premenstrual syndrome to breast tenderness, to trying to understand the different types of menstrual products that are available, there's a lot to know when it comes to your first period. In this ultimate guide to periods, we break down everything you need to know about your menstrual period and making that time of the month go as smoothly as possible. The best period tips for beginners include knowledge on different products you can use, what types of symptoms to expect, and how you can handle challenging days. There are so many different types of menstrual products out there. When starting out the easiest ones to use use are pads, tampons and period underwear. For women with heavier menstrual flow, using period underwear alongside a tampon or alongside a pad can be helpful. Here are all the different products you can consider using:The downside to sanitary pads or maxi pads is that they can be bulky and uncomfortable. The convenient part about them is that the disposable pads are easy to use. You can buy thin pads which are more comfortable but they typically are not as comfortable as a correctly placed tampon. When using sanitary pads, the ones with wings can be helpful to avoid getting a stain on your regular underwear. Putting on a pad is easy! You just need a private place to sit down - ideally a toilet set. Take the pad out of the wrapping and examine it. If it has wings, then it will look like a cross. Wings are nice to have because they help your underwear to stay clean as you move around. Before taking the lining off the back to expose the sticky portion that will stick to your underwear, mentally figure out where you are going to place the pad on your underwear. Ideally, you want the center of the pad to fall right around your vaginal opening. It doesn't have to be exact. Stick the pad to your underwear and if there are wings, tuck each wing behind the underwear to secure it.Tampons are great once you learn how to use them. The light tampons are easiest to insert because they are a smaller tampon. Remember that you should change your tampon out every 4-6 hours in order to avoid the risk of toxic shock syndrome. The great thing about tampons is that they are compact to carry around in your bag, and are usually very comfortable to wear. Not only do most women not feel tampons, unlike with the use of pads, using tampons means that your pubic hair is less likely to be wet with period blood. If you are experiencing pain or discomfort when placing the tampon or when the tampon is already in, this means it was not inserted correctly. It is a good idea to remove it and try to insert a new one. Tampons with plastic applicators tend to be smoother and easier to insert than those that have a cardboard applicator.Putting in a tampon takes a little more learning than using a pad, but it is not hard to do. You just need to practice and get used to it. Femhealth has a complete guide to putting in a tampon that is linked here. It will give you all the steps you need on how to put a tampon in. Menstrual cups are a great sustainable option but they come with the largest learning curve of all the menstrual products. If you don't know how to correctly insert and take out a menstrual cup, you could end up with period blood everywhere. It's best to start out with pads, tampons and period underwear before trying to use reusable menstrual cups.Period underwear are another great option. Not only are these great to double cover on your heavier flow days (this means use a sanitary pad and period underwear together, or use a tampon and period underwear together), but they are also a sustainable choice. You will need to have a few on hand as it's important to change them frequently so that you do not stain your clothing. In the beginning, while you are still figuring out if you will have light periods or heavy periods, use period panties for double coverage only. This will avoid you having an accidental stain because you did not correctly predict how heavy your flow was going to be. To accommodate all body types, many of the popular brands come in many different sizes and thicknesses to account for light flow to heavy flow. Period panties are one of the best reusable period products out there. Remember to throw them in the washing machine alone to avoid staining any other clothing.Panty liners are very similar to pads, but they are much thinner and much smaller. Panty liners are usually used during the last few days of your period. They are not as useful in the beginning because typically menstrual flow will begin with heavier flow and then taper off. No supplies? No problem. If you get caught off guard by your next period and you don't have a pad or tampon nearby, just use some good old fashion toilet paper. Neatly fold up several sheets of toilet paper so that it has many layers to absorb the blood so that it does not stain your clothing. This should buy you enough time to find a pad, tampon or panty liner. Replace the toilet paper with a pad or tampon as soon as you can find one.Toilet paper is not a good first choice, because it is not as hygenic as period products that are meant for long term use. It's best to use sanitary products that are meant for use during your period rather than toilet paper as they are clean and protected by a wrapper until use. Use thin or ultra thin maxi pads with wings when starting out. As you get comfortable, try to use tampons. Tampons, when used correctly, are an easy way to feel fresh and clean during your period. Save menstrual cups for when you have the time, space and privacy to potentially make a mess. This is the hardest menstrual product to get used to.It is always a good idea to wipe from front to back. This is both when you are on your period or even when you are not on your period. The anal and rectal areas of your body carry bacteria that can track up your urethra. The urethra is a tube-like structure that brings your urine from the bladder out of the body. In females, the urethra is located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening, and is about 1-2 inches long. It is where you pee from. If bacteria from the anus travels up the urethra, it could potentially give you a urinary tract infection. So when wiping, go from the urethra to the vagina and then end at the rectum. Avoid wiping from the rectum to the vagina. In addition to dealing with the actual release of blood during your period, there are also other symptoms that you may experience during your period.PMS is a medical condition and the letters stand for Premenstrual Syndrome, which refers to a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience in the days or weeks leading up to their menstrual period. PMS symptoms can vary greatly from woman to woman and can include bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, mood swings, irritability, and depression. The exact cause of PMS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to fluctuating hormone levels that happen during a person's menstrual cycle. Having a family member with PMS or PMDD means that you are also more likely to have it.PMDD stands for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, which is a more severe and less common form of PMS (premenstrual syndrome). PMDD is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by severe emotional and physical symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the second half of the menstrual cycle). These symptoms can include severe mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and physical symptoms such as bloating and breast tenderness. PMDD is thought to be caused by a combination of hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors, and is believed to affect about 3-8% of menstruating women. When people talk about period pain, they are usually referring to menstrual cramps. Many people have menstrual cramps during their period, and they are a very common symptom of menstruation. It is estimated that about 60% of women experience menstrual cramps at some point in their reproductive years. Menstrual cramps can vary in severity from mild discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities. It is not surprising to end up at the school nurse once in a while for discomfort from your period. The exact cause of menstrual cramps is not fully understood, but they are thought to be related to the contraction of the uterus as it sheds its lining during menstruation. Some women may experience more severe menstrual cramps due to underlying conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids. Treatment for menstrual cramps may include over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, as well as lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and heat therapy. In some cases, hormonal birth control or other medications can be helpful, but it is best to discuss these options with your doctor. Lower back pain is a common symptom of menstruation. According to studies, it is estimated that approximately 60-80% of menstruating women experience lower back pain or discomfort during their period. This pain is often described as a dull, aching sensation that can radiate to the thighs and lower abdomen. The exact cause of menstrual-related lower back pain is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins, hormone-like substances produced by the lining of the uterus, are thought to play a role in causing uterine contractions, which can contribute to lower back pain during menstruation.To manage lower back pain during menstruation, women can try over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or naproxen. A heating pad can be helpful for both menstrual cramps and for back pain. You can also try stretching exercises and gentle yoga to help with lower back pain during your period.This is not a common medical condition, and happens very rare in tampon users. It usually happens if you leave a tampon in for several hours longer than you are suppose to. You should always remove a tampon after 4 to 6 hours of use (certainly no longer than 8) or if it becomes soaked in blood. Using lower absorbency tampons which are usually labeled light or regular rather than super, is also less likely to be associated with TSS. TSS can also occur in women who use menstrual cups, contraceptive sponges, or other menstrual products. The symptoms of TSS can vary, but they often develop suddenly and rapidly, and can include high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, low blood pressure, muscle aches, muscle weakness, seizures, confusion, or headache. If you experience any of these symptoms during your period or after using a menstrual product, seek medical attention immediately. TSS is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated promptly. To prevent TSS, it is recommended that you change your tampon or other menstrual product every 4 to 6 hours, wash your hands before and after inserting and removing a tampon or menstrual cup, and consider using a lower absorbency tampon.Breast tenderness is fairly common during your period. According to studies, it is estimated that up to 70% of menstruating women experience breast tenderness or breast discomfort during their period. This feels different for different people, but many describe it as a feeling of swelling, fullness, or soreness in the breasts. We do not know the exact cause of menstrual-related breast tenderness but it is thought to be related to hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. Estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, can cause changes in breast tissue that can lead to breast tenderness or discomfort.If you are having breast tenderness or breast discomfort, you can try switching your bra to one that is more supporting or more comfortable. A heating pad can also be helpful, and as always talk to your doctor to make sure there is nothing else you can do to help with this discomfort.The first day of a person's menstrual cycle is the first day of heavy bleeding. This is called Day 1 of the cycle. On average the menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, and PMS symptoms will start around day 20, just about a week before your period occurs. For many people, the menstrual bleeding will last 4 or 5 days. However, it can be much longer for some people lasting even 7 to 9 days. Usually, the heavier days are in the beginning, and the last two to three days tend to be lighter days. Ovulation typically occurs around Day 14 of the menstrual cycle but can happen before or after as well. It is important to use a form of birth control if you are sexually active so that you do not have an unwanted pregnancy. Pregnancy is most likely to occur when you have sex before, during, or after ovulation, but since ovulation can not be accurately predicted, it's important to always use a form of birth control. Not all forms of birth control also protect against sexually transmitted infections, so be sure to ask your doctor about your options for STI prevention and protection. Unfortunately, it can be extremely different to have to deal with all the mental and physical changes that come along with your period for that many days a month. When you see your doctor for the first time after getting your period, let them know the details of your menstrual cycle so that they can determine if there is anything unusual going on. Talk to your doctor about medication that can help your menstrual cramps. Many people find ibuprofen helpful, but for some people this can cause stomach pain. It's a good idea to talk to your doctor about how you can best manage your menstrual cramps and any PMS symptoms. Getting your period is one of the first signs of puberty and for most women it can be a challenging transitiong. In addition to dealing with blood flow, they also have to deal with the physical and mental challenges associated with the menstrual cycle. The best tips are to find a menstrual produce that best works for you and to educate yourself on the potential changes you may experience. It is also a good idea to talk to your doctor about any and all vaginal discharge fluid, and also see if they have any period tips that they can offer you. Heavier flows may need a tampon and a pad or a tampon and period underwear or a pad and period underwear. All of the products mentioned above are good options for managing your blood flow. The last thing to remember is that be sure to always change your tampon so that you are not at a high risk for developing TSS.

When considering surgical options for weight loss, two popular procedures often come to mind: the gastric sleeve and the gastric bypass. Both of these bariatric surgeries aim to help patients lose weight and improve their overall health by restricting food intake and altering the digestive process. Understanding the differences between these two procedures can be crucial in determining which may be the right choice for an individual seeking significant and lasting weight loss.Gastric sleeve surgery, also known as a sleeve gastrectomy, is a minimally invasive procedure that involves removing around 80% of the stomach, leaving only a narrow, tube-like portion. This smaller stomach capacity leads to a reduced appetite and a lower intake of food, resulting in weight loss over time. On the other hand, gastric bypass surgery, also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, is a two-step procedure. The first step involves creating a small pouch from a portion of the stomach, which is then attached to the second part of the small intestine, bypassing a large portion of the stomach and the first section of the small intestine. This technique not only restricts food intake but also reduces the absorption of nutrients, contributing to significant weight loss.Both gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgeries have been proven safe and effective in promoting long-term weight loss and improving patients' overall health. However, the right choice ultimately depends on individual factors, such as overall health, weight loss goals, and potential risks associated with each procedure. Discussing these options with a healthcare professional and carefully weighing the pros and cons can lead to an informed decision that best suits one's needs and lifestyle.When considering weight loss surgeries, it's essential to understand the specific eligibility criteria for each procedure. Both gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgeries require patients to meet certain qualifications to ensure safe and effective outcomes.In general, gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgeries may be suitable options for individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, reflecting extreme obesity. For patients with a BMI between 35 and 39.9 (severe obesity) and suffering from serious weight-related health issues, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or severe sleep apnea, these procedures might also be appropriateFurther patient eligibility criteria for gastric sleeve surgery include those who:On the other hand, gastric bypass surgery may provide greater benefits for patients with diabetes or more significant weight loss goals. Gastric bypass generally leads to more significant hormonal changes and has a higher potential for diabetes improvement when compared to gastric sleeve surgery due to increases in the hormone GLP-1. It's essential for prospective patients to consult with a qualified healthcare professional to assess their individual needs and determine the most appropriate weight loss surgery option based on their specific circumstances.The weight loss sleeve, also known as gastric sleeve surgery or sleeve gastrectomy, is a procedure in which a large portion of the stomach is surgically removed, leaving a smaller, tubular-shaped stomach or "sleeve." This smaller stomach restricts the amount of food a person can consume, leading to weight loss.There are several benefits to gastric sleeve surgery, including:As with any surgery, gastric sleeve surgery has its risks and side effects. Some of these include:Gastric bypass surgery, also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, is a popular bariatric surgery for individuals seeking substantial weight loss. The following sub-sections detail the procedure, benefits, risks and side effects of this type of surgery.Gastric bypass surgery involves two main steps: first, the surgeon creates a small pouch by dividing the stomach into a smaller upper section and a larger lower section. Next, the small intestine is rearranged and connected to both the new stomach pouch and the lower part of the stomach, bypassing a portion of the digestive system, specifically the duodenum. This results in the body absorbing fewer calories and nutrients from ingested food, thus promoting weight loss.Gastric bypass surgery comes with a number of benefits, including significant weight loss. On average, patients lose between 50 to 80 percent of their excess body weight within 12 to 18 months following the procedure. In addition to weight loss, gastric bypass can also result in improvements or resolution of obesity-related health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and sleep apnea.As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with gastric bypass surgery. Potential complications for gastric bypass patients include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. Longer-term risks may include bowel obstruction, ulcers, and malnutrition due to the reduced ability to absorb nutrients.Some common side effects of gastric bypass surgery include dumping syndrome, which occurs when food moves too quickly through the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Additionally, patients may experience vitamin and mineral deficiencies, requiring lifelong supplementation and monitoring.Both gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgeries are effective weight loss procedures, but they work in different ways. Gastric sleeve surgery reduces the stomach's size, which helps control hunger and portion sizes, while gastric bypass surgery reroutes the digestive system to bypass a significant portion of the stomach, thereby reducing absorption of calories and nutrients. In general, gastric bypass tends to produce faster weight loss compared to gastric sleeve surgery, but individual results may vary.When comparing recovery times, sleeve gastrectomy has a shorter recovery period than gastric bypass. This is because the anesthesia time is shorter during a gastric sleeve procedure, and there is less impact on the digestive system. Typically, patients who undergo gastric sleeve surgery experience faster recovery and can return to their daily activities sooner.The choice between gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgery depends on several factors, such as the patient's overall health, weight loss goals, and potential risk factors. Gastric sleeve surgery is often recommended for high-risk patients, including those with severe heart disease, lung problems, or those who are transplant candidates or recipients, as it is an easier and faster procedure in comparison to gastric bypass.However, if a patient has a significant amount of weight to lose and can tolerate a more complex surgery, the benefits of gastric bypass may outweigh the side effects for these patients. Ultimately, the decision depends on a thorough evaluation of the patient's needs and individual circumstances by their healthcare team.
After both gastric sleeve and gastric bypass surgeries, patients will need to make significant dietary changes. Initially, they will follow a liquid diet for about 2 weeks before transitioning to a soft diet and eventually, regular meals over several months.Portion control is crucial, as the stomach's size is significantly reduced. Nutrient-rich, low-calorie foods should be prioritized, and patients should avoid consumption of high-calorie beverages and sugar-laden foods. Protein should be a significant part of their daily diet, while fat and carbohydrate intake should be moderated.Physical activity plays a critical role in achieving and maintaining weight loss after gastric sleeve and bypass surgeries. Gradually increasing activity levels after surgery is essential. Patients are encouraged to start with low-impact activities, such as walking or swimming, and progress to more strenuous activities, like jogging or resistance training, as deemed appropriate by their healthcare provider.Regular exercise not only helps in burning calories but also improves blood circulation, promotes muscle and bone health, and reduces the risk of weight regain. Patients should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, as recommended by the American Heart Association.Continued medical supervision is essential for patients who undergo weight loss surgery to ensure their long-term success. Regular follow-up appointments with the bariatric team, including physicians, dietitians, and mental health professionals, will help monitor progress and address any concerns or complications that may arise.Patients will need to have periodic blood tests to check for vitamin and mineral deficiencies, as both gastric sleeve and bypass surgeries can affect nutrient absorption. Adjustments to medication dosages may also be necessary for patients with pre-existing conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or sleep apnea, as weight loss can significantly affect these treatments.Gastric sleeve surgery involves removing approximately 80% of the stomach, resulting in a tube-like pouch (or a "sleeve") that holds less food and produces less ghrelin, the appetite-regulating hormone. This procedure leads to significant weight loss without rerouting the intestines.On the other hand, gastric bypass surgery, in which the intestines are re-routed (bypass created) results in even faster weight loss, with most patients losing up to 80% of their excess weight within 12-18 months. Bypass surgery comes with a slightly higher risk of complications when compared to the gastric sleeve.When considering which option is best for individual patients, it is essential to consult with healthcare professionals who specialize in bariatric surgery and understand the key differences between the options. Factors such as the patient's overall health, weight loss goals, and potential surgical risks should be taken into account before making a final decision.

A painful breast from breastfeeding is a problem that many people face. There are a few different causes for this and each cause of breastfeeding pain has a different treatment.A clogged duct from breastfeeding can cause breast pain.  A clogged milk duct can feel like a small bump on the breast. It is usually tender to touch. Clogged ducts happen when milk gets backed up in the milk ducts of the breast. This can happen if you are not pumping or breastfeeding frequently enough. It can also happen if you are breastfeeding so frequently that you develop an oversupply. Additionally, if your baby has a poor latch or can't empty the breast, the milk ducts can become clogged. Sometimes a bra that is too tight can also cause a clogged duct. Be prepared to treat a clogged milk duct:Buy a large heating pad that can drape over both breasts. Using a heating pad and massage may help to loosen the clog. A warm shower can also be very helpful. Massage the breast with the clog as you let warm water run over the breast. You should attempt to empty the breast in the area of the clog by breastfeeding more frequently. Having a bottle of sunflower lecithin readily available can also help. Taking 1200 mg 2 to 3 times a day may help, but be sure to talk to your doctor before taking any supplements. Continue breastfeeding or pumping. In order to treat the clogged milk duct you must keep milk flowing out of the breast. Because a clogged duct can eventually cause mastititis, it is important to seek professional medical help if your clogged duct is not better in 12 to 24 hours. If you develop a fever or redness over the area, this is also a sign to get professional help. Mastitis usually happens from a clogged milk duct. It is a serious infection that needs treatment with antibiotics. The breast can be painful, red, and even swollen. Patients with mastitis also have flu-like symptoms and can have a fever, fatigue, and a headache. If you think you have mastitis contact a doctor right away. Some of the antibiotics used to treat mastitis include cephalexin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, dicloxacillin, and clindamycin. Your doctor will determine the right mastitis antibiotic for you. Many people experience nipple pain from breastfeeding. In theory, breastfeeding should not be painful. However, there are certain situations in which nipple pain from breastfeeding is more likely to happen. A poor latch can cause nipple pain from breastfeeding. The latch in breastfeeding should be deep. This means that your baby should take in as much breast tissue into their mouth as possible. If the baby is only sucking on the nipple, this is will be very painful. As your baby grows older and starts teething, they may use your breast tissue as a teether. This is also very painful and you will need to unlatch your baby if they start to do this. Help to heal nipple cracks by using nipple cream or even applying some breast milk to the nipple before and after feeds. If your nipple pain is extreme, consider using the breast pump at a low setting until your nipple has had a chance to heal. Sadly, it is not uncommon to have a painful breast from breastfeeding. You can be prepared to handle this by having the right things at home to combat the pain quickly. Unfortunately, breasts can be come painful in just a few short hours, so you don't want to wait until the last minute to have what you need at home. Remember that if the pain lasts longer than 12 hours or is accompanied by a fever, you should call your doctor immediately. There are certain infections like mastitis that need treatment with an antibiotic. Sources:Pevzner M, Dahan A. Mastitis While Breastfeeding: Prevention, the Importance of Proper Treatment, and Potential Complications. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 22;9(8):2328. doi: 10.3390/jcm9082328. PMID: 32707832; PMCID: PMC7465810.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7465810/Kataria K, Srivastava A, Dhar A. Management of lactational mastitis and breast abscesses: review of current knowledge and practice. Indian J Surg. 2013 Dec;75(6):430-5. doi: 10.1007/s12262-012-0776-1. Epub 2012 Dec 12. PMID: 24465097; PMCID: PMC3900741.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900741/pdf/12262_2012_Article_776.pdf

No, having an ovarian cyst will not cause an abnormal pap smear. An abnormal Pap smear, also known as an abnormal cervical cytology, is the result of a cervical cancer screening test that shows the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix. These abnormal cells may be precancerous or cancerous and usually will require further testing or treatment. Your gynecologist or primary care doctor will discuss and determine next steps based on the details of this.A pap smear can not detect the presence of an ovarian cyst. An ovarian cyst can be found on a pelvic exam if it is a large ovarian cyst. During a pelvic exam, a gynecologist can feel lumps or masses. An ovarian cyst can also be detected on an ultrasound of the ovaries. A pap smear is done in the cervix, which is located in the uterus. An ovarian cyst occurs in the ovaries. The ovaries and uterus are anatomically separated by the fallopian tubes. Therefore, from a physical standpoint a cyst in the ovary would have no impact on the results of a test like a pap smear done in the cervix.HPV, which stands for the Human Papilloma Virus, is the biggest risk factor for having cervical cancer. Specifically the high risk strains are more associated with cervical cancer and abnormal pap smears. The vast majority of cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV type 16 and type 18. Human cells that that have the HPV virus do look different when looked at under a microscope.All abnormal pap smears do not indicate the presence of cancer. But, all abnormal pap smears should be worked up further to ensure that there are no cancerous cells present.Although it is not very common, there are some things that can cause abnormal pap smears. One study showed that the prevalence of abnormal pap smears was high in patients who had inflammatory bowel disease and were also on immunosuppressive therapy (1).In some cases, the pap smear can say that there is an abnormality when there is not. This is called a false positive. Although they are not common, they can happen.If you have a normal pap smear but are positive for HPV, you should get a repeat pap smear in a year. It is possible that your body can clear the HPV infection, but it may not. It is also possible that HPV could cause abnormal cell changes, and this is why close follow up with your Gynecologist is so important. Sources:(1) Brunner A, Kruis W, Schömig-Markiefka B, et al. Prevalence of abnormal Pap smear results in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study.J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022;148(11):3071-3079. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34981194/(2) Burd EM. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(1):1-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525422/(3) https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/abnormal-cervical-cancer-screening-test-results

Looking for a great gender reveal gift? Here are the best gender reveal gifts that will definitely wow your soon to be parents.1. Montesorri Activity BookThis gender neutral gift is bound to be a hit no matter what. Parents are always looking for educational ways to entertain their child. This activity book is great because it is compact so it travels well, it is washable, and it is something the baby can play with early on. It also can grow with the child as they begin to learn shapes, numbers and colors. This is our top choice as it also will win points for originality.2. Board Book SeriesBoard books are great for all kids and are not gender specific. Books are a universally loved gift and by getting a series, like the Llama Llama series or the Little Joy series, you can be sure to please parents and the future little one.3. Baby CarrierA baby carrier or baby wrap is a fantastic gender reveal gift option. Choose a neutral color so that your future parent can easily match it to their clothing. Baby wraps are great because parents can always use a couple of extra wraps. Babies spit up all the time and it's nice to be able to throw the baby wrap in the wash and use a fresh one. 4. Teething ToysTeething toys are always a great option for a gender reveal. As a parent you can never have enough teethers. Be sure to purchase a teether that doesn't have any attachments, as attachments and strings can be harmful to a baby.5. Sound MachineA baby sound machine is great gender reveal gift since all babies will sleep better with a little white noise. Gifts To Avoid?Most parents will get tons of newborn clothing. Unfortunately, babies will grow out of newborn clothing very quickly. Other gifts to avoid include expensive essentials that parents often put a lot of research into before buying. These include things like car seats, strollers and pack and plays. These items are often very specific to a parent's personal preference and lifestyle.

Botox and Dysport are very similar drugs. They are both neuromodulators, and they both improve the look of wrinkles that are caused by natural muscle movement. Both Dysport and Botox work by blocking nerve signals that cause muscles to contract. Both of these drugs also have the same active ingredient. There is a third drug in this category as well called Xeomin. Xeomin and Botox have the same effectiveness as well as safety profile.So, how are these two drugs different? Dysport and Botox differ in how far away their effects will reach a certain part of the body in relation to where the drug is injected. This concept is known as diffusion. Dysport tends to diffuse more than Botox. Dysport may be preferred when wanting to treat a larger muscle like the frontalis of the forehead. Whereas if treating smaller muscles like area near the eyes referred to as the "crows feet", botox may be preferred by a Dermatologist to keep the treatment area precise.For both drugs you want to take certain precautions after they are injected. In order to prevent the drug from spreading to areas where you do not want it to spread, avoid rubbing or massaging the area of injection. It is also a good idea to wait two hours before doing anything very strenuous or labor-intensive like working out or heavy lifting.The most common side effects of both botox and dysport are similar and also temporary. These side effects include localized swelling and bruising. If you are a patient who gets a bruise after the injection of Dysport or Botox, it should resolve in about a week. In rare cases, a patient can have an unwanted effect on an adjacent muscle. This could then cause drooping of the muscle that is next to the muscle in which the drug was injected. For example, a patient getting injected for crow's feet may have an unwanted effect on their eyebrow, like a droopy eyebrow or upper lid. This complication can be avoided or corrected by an experienced injector. Dysport and Botox are very similar drugs. Botox may diffuse more than Dysport after injection. Both drugs have good safety profiles and can be used effectively to reduce the signs of aging. The cost of Botox and the cost of Dysport are the rate limiting factors in its use for cosmetic purposes as it is not covered by insurance for use to battle aging. A Dermatologist or Plastic Surgeon can help you decide if one of these drugs is an option for you.Sources:Scaglione F. Conversion Ratio between Botox®, Dysport®, and Xeomin® in Clinical Practice. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Mar 4;8(3):65. doi: 10.3390/toxins8030065. PMID: 26959061; PMCID: PMC4810210.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26959061/Markey AC. Dysport. Dermatol Clin. 2004 Apr;22(2):213-9. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00022-6. PMID: 15222582.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222582/Ravenni R, De Grandis D, Mazza A. Conversion ratio between Dysport and Botox in clinical practice: an overview of available evidence. Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;34(7):1043-8. doi: 10.1007/s10072-013-1357-1. Epub 2013 Apr 11. PMID: 23576131.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23576131/https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/wrinkles/botulinum-toxin-faqs

Many people wonder, "Is PCOS A Autoimmune Disease?" The answer?No, PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) itself is not considered an autoimmune disease. It is a hormonal disorder that affects women's ovaries and results in a variety of symptoms, including irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth. There is evidence to suggest that there may be a link between PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) and autoimmune conditions, but this relationship is not well understood. Some studies have found an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes (1-2), in women with PCOS. However, more research is needed to determine the nature of this relationship and to determine if PCOS directly causes or contributes to the development of autoimmune conditions. One study did show that Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurred more commonly in women with PCOS than in the general population (3). Given that both these diseases are associated with fertility problems, it is important to investigate for autoimmune conditions in people with PCOS.Autoimmune means that the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissue. In an autoimmune disease, the body's natural defense system - the immune system - is activated when there are no foreign invaders to fight off. This leads to inflammation and damage to healthy cells, tissues, and organs in the body. Some examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.In this condition hormonal imbalances occur, leading to a variety of PCOS symptoms and conditions. The following hormonal changes are commonly observed in women with PCOS:PCOS itself is not an autoimmune disease. It is associated with other autoimmune diseases, but more research is needed in this arena. Some of the autoimmune diseases associated with PCOS are thyroid disease and Type 1 Diabetes. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects different hormones in the body including androgens, insulin, and progesterone. If you think you have PCOS, it is important to see your doctor regularly.Sources:(1) Romitti M, Fabris VC, Ziegelmann PK, Maia AL, Spritzer PM. Association between PCOS and autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(11):1158-1167. Published 2018 Oct 26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30352422/(2) Bayona A, Martínez-Vaello V, Zamora J, Nattero-Chávez L, Luque-Ramírez M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Prevalence of PCOS and related hyperandrogenic traits in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hum Reprod Update. 2022;28(4):501-517. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35237802/(2) Kowalczyk K, Franik G, Kowalczyk D, Pluta D, Blukacz Ł, Madej P. Thyroid disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(2):346-360.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165551/

With the overturning of Roe V. Wade, it is important to know where reproductive rights are protected. On the east coast, the states with the most access to abortion are New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusettes, Maryland, Delaware, Florida and Maine. In the midwest, the states with the most access to abortion care are Illinois, Kansas, Colorado and Minnesota. On the west coast, the states in which abortion is legal are California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Montana, Hawaii and Nevada. ReproductiveRights.org has a great resource to identify the states with the most, and the least, access to reproductive care.https://reproductiverights.org/maps/abortion-laws-by-state/This map divides the states into the following categories in regards to abortion: Illegal, Hostile, Not Protected, Protected, Expanded Access.In states where abortion is illegal, it means that a person seeking an abortion, someone helping that person, or a physician performing the abortion may be subject to criminal charges and penalties. The hostile category as defined by the above website means that these states have a history of wanting to ban abortion entirely, but it has not been made illegal yet. These regions are very vulnerable to the implementation of abortion bans and there are no legal protections for someone who needs an abortion in these states. The "not protected" category means that abortion is likely to be accessible in these states but there is no explicit law protecting it. If the state is listed as "protected", that means there is a specific law protecting the right to abortion. There may be concerns about access to care.The "expanded access” category means that the right to abortion is protected by law, and additional policies provide additional access to abortion care.It is the general consensus of the medical community across the United States that abortion is healthcare, and denying access to abortion is denying basic healthcare. For anyone searching for access to abortion or reproductive care, use this tool by Planned Parenthood:https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortionSources:https://reproductiverights.org/about-us/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortionhttps://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ruling-egregious-allowance-government-intrusion-medicine

Sleep is a critical element in overall physical health.  During sleep, the heart and blood vessels make any necessary repairs.  It allows for better concentration and productivity as well as more energy for physical activities including exercise. So, how long should newborns sleep? The answer is, most of the day. Until they are about 3 months old, infants should be sleeping 14 to 17 hours during a 24-hour day. Especially for children, sleep is important for good brain function, emotional development and behavior factors.  Parents often wonder if the infant, child, or adolescent is really getting enough satisfactory rest to perform well during the day. A good routine would be two or three naps during the day and a longer stretch at night after a feeding.  From age 4 months until they are almost a year, babies should get between 12 and 15 hours of sleep, with 3 or 4 of that coming during the day.Beyond that a toddler of 1 or 2 years old should be sleeping 11 to 14 hours; preschoolers about 10 to 13 hours and elementary school age at least 9 to 11 hours at night.  There are a number of factors that affect the proper amount of sleep.  If you have concerns, check with your pediatrician.A key factor is establishing and maintaining a bedtime routine.  Bathing, singing, and reading to infants and children are all good signals that it is the end of the day and time for rest.  Keeping a consistent pattern will help your child adapt to the routine.One way to do this, depending on your parenting style, is to put the baby in a crib while still awake but drowsy.  This helps the child learn to fall asleep on their own without rocking.  Some movement and even a bit of crying are normal.  If your baby is not hungry, ill or need a diaper change, leave him or her alone for a few minutes to see if he or she settles down and falls asleep on their own.When the baby wakes during a time when you want it to sleep, keep the lights low and don’t play.  Speak in a low voice but don’t talk for long periods of time.  In other words, try to avoid activities that will stimulate the baby and keep him or her alert.It may take a bit of time to establish the routine, but when successful, you will be glad. At around 6 months, a baby starts to have a natural sleep rhythm where their body recognizes day and night. Naps are very common and most children nap until they are 3 to 6 years old.  Newborns and infants will sleep during the day for three or four hours.  As the child ages, the nap time will decrease.  Research has discovered that frequent napping helps children consolidate memories and that these memories are important for learning and brain development.Even if you think your baby is getting enough sleep, be sure to add it as a discussion item with your pediatrician.  Your understanding of what is normal for your child is important and can help you gauge when he or she is not feeling well.

Newborns do not have long stretches of sleep. This means parents are usually not getting long stretches of sleep. Creating an environment that optimizes your newborn's sleep is essential. This can mean the difference between getting a few hours of sleep or not getting any sleep at all. Here are the top recommendations from experts on how to maximize your sleep.Yes, a newborn can sleep with a pacifier. It is important to note that the pacifier should have no attachments, like strings or clips. These are choking and strangulation hazards. A pacifier can help keep your baby asleep at night. If the pacifier falls out, rinse it and replace it if your baby wants it replaced. Sucking is very soothing for a newborn and can help them get back to sleep and stay asleep!You will likely have to buy a variety of pacifier sizes to accommodate your child as they get older. Some pacifier brands offer larger sizes so that the shape of the pacifier doesn't have to change as your child gets older. If you feel that pacifier use is interfering with your ability to breastfeed, you can wait until breastfeeding is established before using a pacifier. Most women are able to breastfeed and use a pacifier without any problems. Many families start using the pacifier before even leaving the hospital. A sound machine is so important when it comes to baby sleep. A good sound machine is one that is not so loud that it is disturbing but not so soft that your baby will awaken from other noises in the house. Remember that it is safest to sleep in the same room as your newborn (but not the same bed) until 6 to 12 months of age to minimize the risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). The sound machine should be placed near the baby's bassinet or crib, but not inside the same sleep space as the baby. It should also not be so loud that you will not awaken to hear your baby's cries. You can easily purchase a baby sound machine online so that you are ready for the first night at home with your newborn. A portable sound machine is great because you can easily take it with you when you're on the go!A newborn is not allowed to sleep with a blanket. Therefore, you will want to make sure that the newborn baby clothes that you buy for them at night are warm enough to keep them comfortable. It is important to keep the room at a comfortable temperature so that your baby is not too cold, but also is not at risk for overheating. If your baby is sweating when you pick them up from their crib or bassinet, it means it is too hot in the room or their clothes are causing them to overheat.In addition to selecting the right fabric, newborn sleep clothing with mittens is also helpful because it prevents your baby from scratching themselves at night. If you are able to splurge, magnetic newborn sleep clothing makes diaper changes and clothing changes very quick and easy at night. Zip-up onesies are also a great choice for easy middle-of-the-night changes.Until your baby is rolling, newborn clothing with mittens and footies can help to keep your baby cozy. Once your child starts to roll, they will need the grip from their hands and feet to turn themselves back onto their back.Until your baby starts to roll, you may want to consider using a swaddle. Remember that the swaddle should be snugly fitted and not be near the baby's mouth or nose. After your baby shows signs of starting to roll, discontinue swaddle use immediately. Swaddling a baby that can roll is extremely dangerous. A swaddle can help to prevent the Moro reflex, which is the startle reflex. This reflex will cause your baby to wake themselves up in the middle of the night. Choose a swaddle that is light and easy to wrap. Swaddles that are too thick can cause babies to overheat. Getting through the newborn phase is very challenging. Especially for new parents who may not be used to frequent night time waking, you want to be as prepared as possible. Bright lights will wake up your baby fully. In order to keep them in sleepy mode, use a light that has different settings. You want the light to be bright enough so you can see well during middle-of-the-night diaper changes but not so bright that your baby thinks it's time to play. On the dimmest setting, some night lights will provide up to 200 hours of dim light. If your baby is stuffy and can't nap lying down, an upright bouncer can be really helpful. Remember that a bouncer is not considered a safe sleep space for a baby that is going to be left alone. Therefore, only use a bouncer for your baby to sleep while you or another caretaker is able to observe the baby. Let your baby nap in this bouncer while you can be nearby returning emails or doing some other tasks.

Women's libido supplements and low female sexual desire are hot topics. It is estimated that anywhere from 10% to a staggering 33% of women have suffered from low libido at some point in their lives and many are searching for women's libido supplements to help improve their sexual health.Unfortunately, as of 2023, there are no scientifically proven women's libido supplements that have evidence to show that they actually work. There are natural supplements that people have taken in the past, and these have varying results on their sex drive. However, these natural supplements have not been scientifically proven to work. Women's libido supplements may subjectively work for a single person but that one person's experience can not be generalized to everyone without large randomized controlled studies being done. This is why it is difficult to identify the best female libido supplements because there is no best. It is still an active area of research.Let's take a look at some of the supplements that may help boost libido in women in a natural way. The key word in this sentence is the word "may." There is not enough scientific evidence for the supplements mentioned below and more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness. Some women's libido supplements that have been popular are:Fenugreek is a natural herb that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. Fenugreek contains compounds called furostanolic saponins, which are believed to increase testosterone production and enhance sexual desire. Some studies have suggested that fenugreek supplements may increase sexual desire and arousal in women. In men, fenugreek supplements have been shown to increase testosterone levels and improve aspects of sexual function, such as arousal and orgasm. However, more research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of fenugreek in enhancing libido, and it's important to talk to a healthcare provider before using any supplements or medications to address low libido.Ginkgo Biloba is a natural herb that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. Gingko Biloba is believed to increase blood flow throughout the body, including to the genitals, which may enhance sexual function and desire. Some studies have suggested that Ginkgo Biloba supplements may improve sexual function and desire in women and men, especially those who are taking antidepressant medications that can decrease libido. However, more research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of Gingko Biloba in enhancing libido, and it's important to talk to a healthcare provider before using any supplements or medications to address low libido. Ginkgo Biloba also is associated with a bleeding risk and may not be a suitable supplement for some patients so it's very important to keep your doctor informed if you plan to take this. The effects of THC on libido in women are not entirely clear and may depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of THC consumed, the individual's tolerance to THC, and the context in which THC is consumed. Some studies have suggested that THC may increase sexual desire and pleasure in women, possibly by increasing blood flow to the genitals and enhancing sensations. However, other studies have suggested that THC may have negative effects on sexual function and desire in women, such as decreased lubrication and difficulty achieving orgasm. It's worth noting that the effects of THC on libido may also vary depending on the individual's overall health, mental state, and relationship dynamics. Maca Root is a natural herb that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. Maca Root is believed to increase energy, stamina, and sexual desire by balancing hormone levels and improving blood flow to the genitals. Some studies have suggested that Maca Root supplements may improve sexual function and desire in women and men, especially those who are experiencing sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant medications. However, similar to the other supplements, more research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of Maca Root as a women's libido supplement.Tribulus Terrestris is a natural herb that is believed to increase testosterone levels, which may enhance sexual desire and function. Some studies have suggested that Tribulus Terrestris supplements may improve sexual desire and function in women and men, especially those who are experiencing sexual dysfunction due to low testosterone levels.L-arginine is an amino acid that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. L-arginine is believed to increase blood flow to the genitals, which may enhance sexual function and desire. Other studies have suggested that L-arginine supplements may improve sexual function and desire in women and men, especially those who are experiencing sexual dysfunction due to cardiovascular disease. However, other studies have not found a significant effect of L-arginine on sexual function or desire. It's worth noting that L-arginine may interact with certain medications and can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and low blood pressure, and it's important to talk to a healthcare provider before using L-arginine or any other supplements or medications to address low libido.Ginseng is a natural herb that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. Ginseng is believed to increase blood flow and circulation, which may enhance sexual function and desire. Some studies have suggested that Ginseng supplements may improve sexual function and desire in women and men, especially those who are experiencing sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant medications.Yohimbine is a natural herb that has been suggested to have a positive effect on libido in both men and women. Yohimbine is believed to increase blood flow to the genitals, which may enhance sexual function and desire. Some studies have suggested that Yohimbine supplements may improve sexual function and desire in women and men, especially those who are experiencing sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant medications. (Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10926052/)However, other studies have not found a significant effect of Yohimbine on sexual function or desire. It's worth noting that Yohimbine may interact with certain medications and can cause side effects such as anxiety, high blood pressure, and rapid heart rate, and it's important to talk to a healthcare provider before using Yohimbine or any other supplements or medications to address low libido.Before trying any supplements, talk to a doctor about your concerns. Libido is a complicated subject and there can be more than one factor contributing to a low sex drive. Additionally, it's important to talk to a healthcare provider before taking any supplements or medications because some women's libido supplements can interfere with other medications you may be taking.Libido gummies are not supported by strong clinical data to show that they work. Any success that is reported in an improvement in libido after using libido gummies is anecdotal. Some libido gummies contain natural ingredients that are believed to have aphrodisiac or stress-reducing properties, such as maca root, ashwagandha, or L-arginine. However, the effectiveness of these ingredients in boosting libido is not well-established, and more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness. Additionally, some libido gummies may contain CBD or THC, which may have relaxing or pain-relieving effects, but their impact on libido is not clear. It's important to note that while some people may report positive effects from using libido gummies, the results may be due to a placebo effect. Low libido affects many women. It would be great if there were proven women's libido supplements that could provide an easy solution, but, this is not the case. In order to increase sex drive, the underlying issue must first be determined and then treated.Vaginal dryness can affect sex drive in more than one way. Firstly, the condition may diminish libido by causing physical discomfort during sex. Dryness is likely to create painful friction if penetration occurs before a woman is fully aroused, as arousal stimulates the secretion of vaginal moisture. Secondly, vaginal dryness can lead to emotional distress, which may further decrease sexual desire. Women who experience vaginal dryness may feel self-conscious or anxious about their ability to enjoy sex, which can contribute to a decrease in libido. Using a lubricant before and during sexual activity can help many women find sex more pleasurable.Mental health can have a significant impact on low libido. Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and stress can cause a decrease in sexual desire and function by affecting the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate sexual response.Additionally, certain medications used to treat mental health conditions, such as antidepressants, can have side effects that affect sexual function and desire. One literature review suggested that a high dose of Maca Root, the use of SAMe or Saffron may improve antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunctions or AISD (Source: https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/8/230)There are several medications that can affect libido in women, including:It's important to talk to a healthcare provider if you are experiencing low libido or other symptoms of sexual dysfunction related to medication use, as there may be alternative medications or treatment options available that can help improve sexual function and desire.Lifestyle changes like increasing exercise can help to boost women's libido. Exercise can increase blood flow to the genitals, which can enhance sexual function and desire. Secondly, exercise can increase energy levels and reduce stress, which can improve mood, improve energy levels, and increase sexual desire. Thirdly, exercise can improve body image and self-confidence, which can lead to an increase in sexual desire.Additionally, certain exercises that target the pelvic floor muscles, such as Kegels, can help improve sexual function and pleasure.The best supplements for low libido do not exist yet. It is important to note that low libido can have many different causes, both physical and psychological, and it's important to talk to a healthcare provider if low libido is affecting your sexual satisfaction and your quality of life. Although there are no women's libido supplements that are backed by rigorous clinical data, there may be some natural aphrodisiacs that work for you. Before the use of supplements listed above, talk to your doctor about potential side effects.Sources:Sierpina VS, Wollschlaeger B, Blumenthal M. Ginkgo biloba. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):923-6. PMID: 13678141.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13678141/Silva T, Jesus M, Cagigal C, Silva C. Food with Influence in the Sexual and Reproductive Health. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(2):114-122.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255750/Concerto C, Rodolico A, Meo V, Chiappetta D, Bonelli M, Mineo L, Saitta G, Stuto S, Signorelli MS, Petralia A, Lanza G, Aguglia E. A Systematic Review on the Effect of Nutraceuticals on Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunctions: From Basic Principles to Clinical Applications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022 Jul 25;44(8):3335-3350. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892716/

The early days of being a parent are very overwhelming. One of the questions many parents have is, "How often should I bathe my newborn baby?". In the early days of a baby's life, parents do not need to bathe their child very often - just a few times a week. In the beginning, you give them a sponge bath. You can sponge bathe your newborn 2 to 3 times a week. When the umbilical cord falls off, the newborn can have a bath in a baby tub. The umbilical cord typically falls off around the first 1 to 3 weeks of the baby's life. Check out one of our favorite newborn tubs here. We love it because it can go from the early newborn stage to many months later. Newborn tubs with grates must be used in the shower, so it's not a great option if you plan to bathe your baby on the countertop next to the sink. The first newborn bath for your baby is usually done in the hospital. Typically, it is not done until the baby is 1 or 2 days old. If you are having difficulty establishing breastfeeding, you may want to delay the newborn bath so that you do not have too much time away from your baby. Or, be sure to make a request to the nurse taking the baby for the bath that you would like the baby to come back for their feed. If you have a home birth, you can do the first sponge bath on day 2 or 3 of your baby's life.Until the baby's umbilical cord has fallen off, you should keep the area dry and clean. This means that your newborn will not be able to go into a baby tub for the first few weeks of life. The umbilical cord falls off around 1 to 3 weeks of life. In the beginning you will give your baby a sponge bath. Mix clean warm water in a bowl with a lather of baby soap. Then, use a clean soft towel to pat the baby's skin. Do not scrape against the newborn's skin with the towel. After you have cleaned the baby with the warm soapy water, use a damp cloth without soap to pat the skin again. Finally, gently pat a dry towel over your baby's skin to dry them off. Remember to apply baby lotion right away to lock in moisture to the baby's skin. It is important in the first two weeks of life to keep the umbilical cord area of the baby clean and dry. Good umbilical cord hygiene will prevent your baby from having an infection in the area of their belly button. When you give your baby a sponge bath, make sure you avoid the area of the belly button and the umbilical cord. When you are changing the baby's diaper, be sure to fold the diaper down so that the umbilical cord stump is outside the diaper. Once the umbilical cord falls off you can start to bathe your baby in a baby tub.Give your newborn baby a sponge bath two to three times a week for the first two weeks of life. After the umbilical cord falls off, you can bathe your newborn in a newborn tub.  You can bathe your baby as often as you’d like, but it’s not necessary to do it daily.  

The best way to increase breast milk supply fast is to increase the frequency of pumping and direct feeding. This method has the strongest science to back it up. You will also want to maintain a healthy lifestyle and make sure you are eating enough food and drinking enough water. You should pump every 2 hours for 15 minutes to increase your milk supply. This means there's about an hour and 45 minutes between your sessions. If that doesn't work consider power pumping, which is described below.Power pumping is a method of pumping breast milk that involves using a hospital-grade electric breast pump to get more milk out of your breasts. The idea behind power pumping is that you will be able to increase your milk supply by stimulating the glands in your breasts to produce more milk. To power pump, you'll need to use a hospital-grade electric breast pump as a manual breast pump will not be able to do the job. Since once session of power pumping takes about an hour, you can do it 2 to 3 times a day. Be careful when power pumping that you don't create too much of an oversupply. While an oversupply of breast milk may not seem like a bad thing, it can lead to painful breasts, clogged ducts, and mastitis. There is evidence to show that visualization of water flowing can help to increase breast milk supply as well as get milk to flow more easily. Femhealth has created a completely free meditation guide. To access, follow us on Instagram @femhealthproject and send us a message for the link. You should drink about 10-12 glasses of water a day to ensure that your body is getting enough fluids and nutrients. Drinking excess water will not increase your supply. However, being dehydrated could negatively impact your supplyBreastfeeding requires an extra 300 calories a day, so be sure to consume enough calories and eat foods that are high in protein, iron, and fat. Eating foods high in fat will help you produce more breast milk because it contains the building blocks needed for producing breast milk. Some examples of foods that are high in fat include avocados, nuts, seeds, salmon, eggs and more.You can think about taking supplements, but know that the evidence is very limited and most supplements won't do anything to increase your milk supply. There are many different supplements out there that claim they can help increase your breast milk supply so make sure you talk with your doctor before trying any new supplements. Some supplements can also interfere with other medications so its important to talk to your doctor before doing this. Sources:Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, Marasco LA, Ho JJ, Ong JH. Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 18;5(5):CD011505. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2. PMID: 32421208; PMCID: PMC7388198.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421208/Forinash AB, Yancey AM, Barnes KN, Myles TD. The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Oct;46(10):1392-404. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R167. Epub 2012 Sep 25. PMID: 23012383.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012383/

Using breastfeeding as birth control can be done but there is still a possibility that you can become pregnant. Even if done perfect, there is a 2% chance you can become pregnant. There are very strict guidelines to follow if you hope to use breastfeeding for birth control. Doctors refer to the breastfeeding birth control method as lactational amenorrhea or LAM. Using breastfeeding for birth control is called the lactational amenorrhea method. The word lactational refers to breastfeeding and the word amenorrhea means not having a menstrual period. It is a method of birth control that may work for some but it is not as effective as other methods of birth control. The benefit of LAM is that it is natural. However, the downside is that unless followed very strictly, it has varying reliability. Many people have gotten pregnant unintentionally by using breastfeeding for birth control. Getting pregnant within a year of giving birth can be dangerous for many mothers. In order to use breastfeeding for birth control, your baby has to be under 6 months old. Right after you deliver you are unlikely to ovulate in the first few months. The further you get from the baby's day of birth the more likely it is that your body will ovulate or release an egg. Once an egg is released and you are sexually active, there is a chance you can become pregnant. It is important to note that the egg is released from the ovary about 10 to 14 days before your period. This means that you will ovulate once before your period returns. It is during this ovulation that women become pregnant unexpectedly. They don't realize that their period has returned until 2 weeks later. If they had unprotected sex during this time, they could become pregnant. If you would like to use the lactational amenorrhea method there are a few things you should know:Getting pregnant too quickly after you have given birth is not recommended. Most gynecologists recommend waiting at least 12 to 18 months after giving birth before getting pregnant again. It is not safe for your health or the health of the pregnancy. While breastfeeding will delay ovulation for a few months, it is impossible to know how long that amount of time will be. Only use breastfeeding as birth control if you are able to breastfeed exclusively, your period has not returned, and your baby is under 6 months old. If you follow this perfectly, there is still a 2% chance you could become pregnant. Using barrier contraception or progestin only birth control can also be an option for breastfeeding moms who want to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Sources:Finger WR. Research confirms LAM's effectiveness. Contraceptive update. Netw Res Triangle Park N C. 1996 Fall;17(1):12-14, 24. PMID: 12320442.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12320442/https://myhealth.alberta.ca/sexual-reproductive-health/birth-control/natural-methods/lactation-amenorrheaVekemans M. Postpartum contraception: the lactational amenorrhea method. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1997 Jun;2(2):105-11. doi: 10.3109/13625189709167463. PMID: 9678098. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9678098/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/appendixg.html